Motivation Organizational Behavior – Session 7-10 Dr. S. B. Alavi, 2009.

2 from 33 Table of Contents Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Maslow’s Theory ERG Theory Two-factor (Hygiene-Motivation) Theory McClelland’s Theory of Needs Cognitive Evaluation Theory Expectancy Theory Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory

3 from 33 Definition

4 from 33 Reinforcement theory

5 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.)

6 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.) Individuals exhibit a particular behavior because they have been reinforced (rewarded) for that behavior in the past. Behavior modification: The process of using reinforcement principles to change behavior.

7 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.)

8 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.) Punishment Positive Reinforcement May be effective Punishment Positive Reinforcement Only short term suppression of the undesirable behaviors.

9 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.) Using punishment frequently, may create a fearful atmosphere, which undermines learning and the effectiveness of communication. Some important points for using rewards effectively: – Use reward to get individuals engaged in an activity, and then gradually withdraw the reward when they show some interest. – Make sure that it is clear to individuals what behavior the reward is contingent. – Reward genuine achievements, such as high levels of effort and persistence. Avoid rewarding performance that required little or no effort.

10 from 33 Reinforcement theory (Con.) Some important points for using rewards effectively: (Con.) – Use the most modest reward that will work. – Make sure that the time between the desired behavior and the reward is not so great that reward has no effect. – Make sure that rewards are realistically available. – Make sure that you treat employees fairly!

11 from 33 Equity theory

12 from 33 Equity theory (Con.) Every employee compares himself/herself with other employees. When an inequity is perceived, there are 6 choices:

13 from 33 Equity theory (Con.) Procedural Justice Perceived Distributed Justice

14 from 33

15 from 33 Maslow’s Theory (Hierarchy of needs)

16 from 33 Maslow’s Theory (Con.) According to Maslow, when each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

17 from 33 Maslow’s Theory (Con.)

18 from 33 ERG Theory (Alderfer, 1970) Three dimensions of ERG theory ERG theory proposes that – More than one need may be operative at the same time – Order of needs may differ in different cultures – If fulfillment of a higher level need is prevented, the desire to satisfy a lower level need increases. ExistenceRelatednessGrowth

19 from 33 McClelland’s Theory of Needs Focuses on three needs: – Need for Achievement – Need for Power – Need for Affiliation The following relation is well- Supported in research: Achievement Need Job Performance

20 from 33 Two-factor (hygiene-motivation) Theory

21 from 33 Two-factor Theory (Con.) Satisfaction No Satisfaction Dissatisfaction No Dissatisfaction

22 from 33 Cognitive Evaluation Theory

23 from 33

24 from 33 Expectancy Theory Expectancy theories – use rational approaches – suggest that individuals choose behaviors based on expectations of the outcomes of actions, seeking to achieve the most desirable outcome

25 from 33 Vroom’s expectancy theory

26 from 33 Vroom’s expectancy theory (Con.) Implications for Leaders: – Identify positively valent outcome; – Increase expectancies; – Make performance instrumental toward positive outcome. Effort Performance Outcome Expectancy Instrumentality

27 from 33 Group Task Use expectancy theory to explain motivational processes of: – An employee’s motivation to become a manager; – An employee’s motivation to participate in a training program.

28 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory

29 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory (Con.)

30 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory (Con.) High Self-EfficacySet high level goals High Achievement More likely to May have

31 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory (Con.)

32 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory (Con.) Empowerment and Self-Efficacy – Dimensions of empowerment: Meaning Self-determination Self-efficacy Impact

33 from 33 Motivational Aspects of Social Cognitive Theory (Con.)