Class #13: Friday, July 23 Air Pollution Chapter 18 1Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Air Pollution Chapter 18 2Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

A Brief History of Air Pollution Air pollution not a new problem. Smoke problems: – Caves – 1273 King Edward I – 1661 London – killed in London – 1911 smog killed 1150 Londoners 3Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Types and Sources of Air Pollutants Primary and secondary Fixed and mobile sources Principal Pollutants – Particulates: PM-10, PM-2.5 – Aerosols – Carbon Monoxide – Sulfur Dioxide (sulfuric acid) – VOCs (hydrocarbons) – Nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide (nitric acid) 4Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Fig. 18-CO, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Table 18-1, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Types and Sources of Air Pollutants  Ozone in the Troposphere Photochemical smog or oxidants Ground level ozone Sunlight dissociates which eventually causes oxygen to combine and form ozone Bad ozone  Ozone in the Stratosphere Stratospheric ozone absorbs UV radiation; one reason for increase in temperature in sphere Good ozone 13Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Types and Sources of Air Pollutants Ozone in the Stratosphere – Production-Destruction: ozone forms naturally though combination of atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen, absorbs UV radiation and breaks down; creates balance – Upsetting the Balance: anthropogenic chemicals nitrogen oxide and chlorofluorocarbons destroy ozone, disrupt balance and create ozone hole 14Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Fig. 18-6, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Fig. 1, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Types and Sources of Air Pollutants Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns – Clean Air Act 1970 has decreased air pollution in the US, greatest reduction in lead (Unleaded gasoline) – Increase in number of autos negates impact of Act is some areas – Air quality index – Primary and Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards 21Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Table 18-2, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Table 18-3, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Types and Sources of Air Pollutants Environmental Issue: The Ozone Hole – The lowest concentration or ozone hole covers most of Antarctica, but varies in coverage and intensity from year to year. Environmental Issue: Indoor Air Pollution – Indoor pollution can cause a variety of health problems. Long-term exposure to some pollutants (radon, asbestos) can cause life-threatening diseases. 28Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Factors that Affect Air Pollution The Role of Wind – Dilution of pollution dependent upon wind speed The Role of Stability and Inversions – Vertical mixing – Radiation inversion – Mixing layer – Mixing depth 29Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Fig. 3, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Fig. 4, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Fig. 4e, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Factors that Affect Air Pollution Observation: Smoke stacks – Instability and wind impact pollution from smoke stacks Fanning Fumigation Looping Coning Lofting 43Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Factors that Affect Air Pollution The Role of Topography – Mountains, valleys, and coasts and the orientation to prevailing winds can exacerbate air pollution. – Denver, Los Angeles 44Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Fig. 5, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Table 18-4, p Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Factors that Affect Air Pollution  Severe Air Pollution Ingredients ○ Many sources of pollution ○ Stationary high pressure ○ Light surface winds ○ Subsidence inversion ○ Shallow mixing layer ○ Valley ○ Clear night ○ smog 51Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

Air Pollution and the Urban Environment Urban heat island Country breeze METROMEX 52Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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Acid Deposition Rain combines with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to create sulfuric and nitric acid Acidic deposition damages ecosystems, particularly lakes, and buildings Coal burning plants in Ohio Valley are source, greatest damage in Adirondacks 55Class #13 Friday, July 23, 2010

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