Domestic Europe Agriculture, Population, Social Order and the Life of the People - McKay

Changes in 18 th Century Europe The Importance of Antiquity The Importance of Antiquity Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen Magic- dismissing the superstitious Magic- dismissing the superstitious Alchemy Alchemy Observations, experiments, instruments Observations, experiments, instruments Scientific method Scientific method Institutionalized Science Institutionalized Science The Royal Society The Royal Society Art and Literature Art and Literature Baroque and Shakespeare Baroque and Shakespeare Witchcraft Witchcraft Religious persecution Religious persecution

Marriage and Family Basic unit of social organization Basic unit of social organization Extended family system prevailed in Europe until the industrial revolution Extended family system prevailed in Europe until the industrial revolution People also began to marry much later-27 People also began to marry much later-27 Due to the nuclear family arrangement Due to the nuclear family arrangement Mature and established- land and dowry Mature and established- land and dowry Poorer class needed permission form the local lord or landowner Poorer class needed permission form the local lord or landowner Curb landless paupers, welfare, orphans Curb landless paupers, welfare, orphans

Work Away From Home Boys could become lended farm hands or apprentices Boys could become lended farm hands or apprentices Girls could spend a few years away as a domestic servant for a rich family Girls could spend a few years away as a domestic servant for a rich family Open to sexual exploitation Open to sexual exploitation Pregnancy and prostitution Pregnancy and prostitution Part of the experience of growing up Part of the experience of growing up

Premarital Sex Illegitimate births were a rarity (1%) in French church records Illegitimate births were a rarity (1%) in French church records In England 33% or 1 st children were born out of wedlock In England 33% or 1 st children were born out of wedlock Community Controls Community Controls Traditional open-field village cooperation Traditional open-field village cooperation Unwed mothers were a threat to the local economy Unwed mothers were a threat to the local economy Contraception Contraception Coitus interrruptus Coitus interrruptus Sponges, herbs, and sheaths Sponges, herbs, and sheaths Sex usually followed promises of marriage Sex usually followed promises of marriage

Children and Education Women bore children rapidly- 6 or more Women bore children rapidly- 6 or more Infant mortality was extremely high Infant mortality was extremely high Poorer women breast fed for longer time Poorer women breast fed for longer time Safer for mother and child Safer for mother and child Wealthy women thought it was beneath them and hired wet nurses Wealthy women thought it was beneath them and hired wet nurses “Killing Nurses” “Killing Nurses” Foundling homes- St Vincent de Paul Foundling homes- St Vincent de Paul Abortion was illegal and dangerous Abortion was illegal and dangerous Infanticide was outlawed Infanticide was outlawed

Attitudes Toward Kids Detachment Detachment Medical establishment was not very interested in the treatment of kids Medical establishment was not very interested in the treatment of kids Children were frequently abused Children were frequently abused Jean-Jacques Rousseau denounced the common treatment of children Jean-Jacques Rousseau denounced the common treatment of children Called for love, tenderness, and better teaching methods Called for love, tenderness, and better teaching methods Was a deadbeat dad Was a deadbeat dad

Food and Medicine Plague and starvation was disappearing Plague and starvation was disappearing Staples- bread, oatmeal, peas, beans cabbage, carrots, wine, beer, skim milk Staples- bread, oatmeal, peas, beans cabbage, carrots, wine, beer, skim milk Just Price Just Price Meat and eggs were rare Meat and eggs were rare Game laws Game laws Lamb or mutton sometimes available Lamb or mutton sometimes available The rich had 3 courses of meat, 3 of fish then vegetables, followed by overdrinking The rich had 3 courses of meat, 3 of fish then vegetables, followed by overdrinking Scurvy and vitamin C Scurvy and vitamin C

Medicine Competing groups: faith healers, apothecaries, physicians, surgeons, midwives Competing groups: faith healers, apothecaries, physicians, surgeons, midwives By 1700s women were being pushed out By 1700s women were being pushed out Suspected of witchcraft Suspected of witchcraft Establishment of medical schools- diploma Establishment of medical schools- diploma Training was expensive Training was expensive Purging and Bloodletting Purging and Bloodletting Surgeons and anatomy Surgeons and anatomy No reliable anesthetics or painkillers No reliable anesthetics or painkillers People died of shock and agony People died of shock and agony No bacteriology No bacteriology

Religion and Popular Culture Jesuits- The society of Jesus Jesuits- The society of Jesus Protestant Revival Protestant Revival Pietism Pietism Personal experience Personal experience Priesthood of all believers Priesthood of all believers John Wesley and the Methodists John Wesley and the Methodists 225,000 miles on horseback 225,000 miles on horseback All men and women who sought salvation would be saved All men and women who sought salvation would be saved Catholic Piety as a result of Baroque art Catholic Piety as a result of Baroque art