Unit 6 Human Physiology Systems Review

I. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy A. Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to each other (from Greek ana-apart and tomy- to cut)

Physiology B. Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function (from Greek physio- nature and ology- the study of)

Levels of Structural Organization II. Levels of Structural Organization- biologist have identified levels of organization that make it easier to classify and describe the cells within an organism Atoms  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems

Organ System Overview III. Organ System Overview- 11 systems in the human body Integumentary System A. Integumentary System- external covering of the body (the skin) 1. Largest organ of the body 2. Waterproofs body and protects deeper tissues from injury 3. Secretes salts and urea (waste products) in perspiration (regulates body temperature 4. Sensory receptors in skin (temp, pressure, pain, etc.) 5. Serves as barrier against infection and protection from UV rays from sun

Skeletal System B. Skeletal System- consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints 1. Supports the body 2. Provides framework for skeletal muscles 3. Protection 4. Produces blood in cavities of skeleton 5. Storehouse for minerals

Muscular System C. Muscular System- to produce movement by contraction 1. Skeletal muscles- allows body to move 2. Heart muscle and of other hollow organs- move fluids (blood, urine) and other substances (such as food, wastes, hormones, etc.)

Nervous System D. Nervous System- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors 1. Allows body to respond to stimuli (light, sound, temperature, pressure, etc.) 2. Operates on electrochemical impulses 3. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles or glands

3. Regulated by feedback controls that function to maintain homeostasis Endocrine System E. Endocrine System- controls body activities, but acts more slowly than nervous system (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes) 1. Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream 2. Regulates other structures (growth, reproduction, food use by cells, etc.)

Feedback mechanism of endocrine system

Circulatory System cardiovascularlymphatic F. Circulatory System- composed of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems cardiovascular 1. Heart and blood vessels make up cardiovascular system 2. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances around the body Lymphatic 3. Lymphatic system picks up fluid (lymph) leaked from blood, filters it, and returns it to the blood via network of vessels

Respiratory System G. Respiratory System- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs 1. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (waste product). 2. Gas exchange occurs through walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Digestive System H. Digestive System- basically a tube running from mouth to anus (mouth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus 1. Breaks down food (with help of digestive enzymes) and delivers products to the blood 2. Reclaims water

Urinary System I. Urinary System- rids body of nitrogen- containing wastes (urea and uric acid) includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra 1. Maintains bodies homeostatic balance of water, salt, nitrogenous wastes 2. Regulates acid-base balance of the blood

Reproductive System J. Reproductive System- exists primarily to produce offspring

Immune System K. Immune System- your bodies primary defense against pathogens (disease causing agent) a. First line of defense- your skin, mucus, sweat, and tears. b. Second line of defense- inflammatory response 1. Non-specific defenses 2. Specific defense- called immune response

Homeostasis- as a result of coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic), despite changes in the outside environment.