Causes of the Civil War

**Missouri Compromise** US in 1819: 11 Free & 11 slave states Conflict: Admission of Missouri would upset the balance Solution: Missouri Compromise ME=FreeMO=Slave 36º30’ = N--> Free S--> Slave

A Divided Nation Both North & South were equal when constitution was passed By 1850’s both developed differently North: ______________________ South:______________________

Slavery in the Territories 1846: Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot Outlawed slavery in all land acquired from Mexico CA, Utah & Mexico= no slavery

Wilmont Proviso Not passed… why? Declared unconstitutional b/c slaves were property Property was protected by constitution

The US in free states & 15 slave states Sept- Nov 1849: CA held constitutional convention Applied for admission to the union CA’s constitution forbid slavery Many southerners though MO Compromise would protect CA from being free state

CA Statehood President Zachary Taylor Owned slaves Thought CA should be free Terrain did not suit slavery South began to question if they should remain in Union Question of CA statehood topped Congress’ agenda in 1849

Compromise of 1850 CA= free UT/NM: use Stephen Douglas’s idea of Popular Sovereignty No buying or selling of slaves in DC Fugitive Slave Law

All runaway slaves must be returned to masters Fined/ jailed for helping slaves Fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Published in 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Exposed the reality of slave life More people became abolitionists

Underground Railroad A system that helped slaves escape to the North or into Canada Along the way slaves hid in houses, secret tunnels & false cupboards

US in 1854 _______ free states & ______ slave states Stephen Douglas Wanted to organize the territory west of Iowa & Missouri Motives: Wanted a R&R from Chicago to San Francisco

Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 Divide into two territories, Kansas & Nebraska Would repeal the MO Compromise Establish popular sovereignty in both territories

“Bleeding Kansas” Series of riots & rebellions broke out all over Kansas due to slavery issue/elections Sack of Lawrence Pottawatomie Massacre Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

Violence in the Senate Charles Sumner verbally attacked supporters of slavery Especially Andrew Butler, SC Butler’s cousin: Preston S. Brooks, SC, defended him by beating Sumner

1856 Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Know-Nothing

Election of 1856

Dred Scott v Sanford, 1857 Slave in MO Moved to IL with owner then WI, both free Sued for his freedom

Dred Scott: Decision Dred Scott vs. Sanford –1857 The Supreme Court Decision African Americans, both free and slave were not American citizens, therefore, they could not sue in federal court. The Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were found unconstitutional, they violated the 5 th Amendment (Congress had no power to deprive anyone of property)

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

Lincoln- Douglas Debates 1858: Senate race in IL Democrat: Stephen Douglas Strong believer in popular sovereignty Republican: Abraham Lincoln Thought slavery was morally “evil” Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate seat Split the Democratic party along sectional lines

John Brown’s Raid Harpers Ferry – John Brown, led a rebellion at Harpers Ferry (federal arsenal in Virginia) seized the weapons and waited for slaves to join in the rebellion Rebellion failed Brown was captured by Robert E. Lee Hanged on Dec. 2, 1859

1860 Election Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen Douglas Democrat John Bell Constitutional Union John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

1860: Election Results

Crittenden Compromise Written to keep the South in the Union Protected slavery South of MO Compromise Line Didn’t allow congress to outlaw slavery in DC Northerners would pay Southerners for unreturned slaves South REJECTED

Secession South Carolina led the way- Dec. 20, 1860 One by one the southern states seceded They formed the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis was elected President

Secession! South Carolina: December 20, 1860