Andrea Pain, seecon international gmbh Access to Water and Sanitation- the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Andrea Pain, seecon international gmbh

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Contents Introduction Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial? Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability Indicators for MDGs MDG Progress: Access to Water MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation Gaps in MDG Progress References

The Water and Sanitation Crisis 1. Introduction The Water and Sanitation Crisis 2.5 billion people without access to improved sanitation 780 million without access to improved drinking water sources (WHO UNICEF 2012 3,900 children killed every day (UNMP-TWS 2005) Source: http://www.technologybloggers.org/science/think-about-your-water-usage/

The Water and Sanitation Crisis 2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial? The Water and Sanitation Crisis Health Time Dignity Economic losses Every year, 1.4 million children die due to diarrhoea from waterborne diseases (WATERAID.ORG 2011) Source: http://www.wateraidamerica.org/what_we_do/children_and_wateraid/default.aspx

The Water and Sanitation Crisis 2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial? The Water and Sanitation Crisis Health Time Dignity Economic losses In Africa, 40 billion working hours a year are spent collecting clean drinking water (UNMP-TWS 2005) Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

The Water and Sanitation Crisis 2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial? The Water and Sanitation Crisis Health Time Dignity Economic losses Women and girls are particularly affected by lack of access to water and sanitation services Source: HEEB (2007)

The Water and Sanitation Crisis 2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial? The Water and Sanitation Crisis Health Time Dignity Economic losses Due to inadequate sanitation, India loses US $53.8 billion per year resulting from decreased working productivity and increased health costs (WSP 2010) Source: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/reports-documents/economic-impacts-inadequate-sanitation-india

Goals for Global Development 3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Goals for Global Development In 2000, United Nations Millennium Declaration (UNMD) adopted to achieve the following goals: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development Add icons Source: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/ Source: http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2012/05/special-raps-iran-statement/

Target for Water and Sanitation 4. MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability Target for Water and Sanitation Target 7.c: “To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation” (UN 2010) Add icon Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

Synergies Between SSWM and Other MDGs 4. General Importance of SSWM Synergies Between SSWM and Other MDGs MDG Goal Synergies With SSWM Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Increased food security, working productivity Achieve universal primary education Decreased absence from school due to waterborne diseases Promote gender equality and empower women Reduced burden to collect water, better health Reduce child mortality Decreased waterborne diseases Improve maternal health Access to safe water and sanitation, improved hygiene Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Decreased incidence of diarrhoea, cholera, other waterborne diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Improve quality of freshwater sources, reduce eutrophication Develop a global partnership for development Stakeholder participation, enable actors Source: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/

Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) 5. Indicators for MDGs Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) Data collection: International Household Survey Network (IHSN) 729 nationally representative household surveys, 152 Censuses (WHO UNICEF 2010) How do we evaluate “safe” drinking water and sanitation? Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

The Drinking Water Ladder 5. Indicators for MDGs The Drinking Water Ladder “Unimproved:” unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, surface water (i.e. river, dam, lake, pond, stream), bottled water “Other improved:” public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collection “Piped water on premises:” piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot, or yard Unimproved Improved Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

5. Indicators for MDGs The Sanitation Ladder “Open defecation:” disposal of human faeces in open spaces or with solid waste “Unimproved facilities:” do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact “Shared:” otherwise acceptable sanitation facilities shared between two or more households “Improved:” ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact Unimproved Improved Source: WHO UNICEF 2010

Criticisms of the Joint Monitoring Program Methodology 5. Indicators for MDGs Criticisms of the Joint Monitoring Program Methodology Critics: the sanitation ladder focuses too much on technical solutions Proposition: use “function-based sanitation ladder” that begins with excreta containment and ends with integrated resource management Source: ECOSANRES 2010

6. MDG Progress: Access to Water MDG Target Has Been Met Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

Geographical disparities 6. MDG Progress: Access to Water Geographical disparities Access to improved drinking water sources has not improved across the board– Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have made little progress with the majority of the population relying on unimproved drinking water sources Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

Geographical Disparities 6. MDG Progress: Access to Water Geographical Disparities Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

Off Track for MDG Target 7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation Off Track for MDG Target Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

Geographical Disparities 7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation Geographical Disparities Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

Geographical Disparities 7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation Geographical Disparities Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

The Urban-Rural Disparity 8. Gaps in MDG Progress The Urban-Rural Disparity Of those without improved drinking water sources or improved sanitation, the vast majority reside in rural areas …There is still a great deal of progress to be made to increase access to safe water and sanitation in rural areas Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)

9. References ECOSANRES (Editor) (2010): The Sanitation Ladder – A Need for a Revamp?. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute EcoSanRes Programme. http://www.ecosan.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=120&Itemid=45 [Accessed: 31.05.12] UN (Editor) (2010): Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [Accessed: 24.05.12] UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY (UNGA) (Editor) (2000): United Nations Millennium Declaration. New York: United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf [Accessed 24.05.12] UN MILLENNIUM PROJECT TASK FORCE ON WATER AND SANITATION (UNMP-TWS) (Editor) (2005): Health, Dignity and Development: What Will it Take?. London: United Nations Development Programme. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/WaterComplete-lowres.pdf [Accessed 24.05.12] WATERAID.ORG (Editor) (2011): Statistics. http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/statistics/ [Accessed 24.05.12] WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM (WSP) (Editor) (2010): The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. New Delhi: World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. http://www.wsp.org/wsp/featuresevents/features/inadequate-sanitation-costs-india- equivalent-64-cent-gdp [Accessed 24.05.12] WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2010): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. 2010 Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. http://www.unwater.org/downloads/JMP_report_2010.pdf [Accessed: 24.05.12] WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2012): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. 2010 Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf [Accessed: 31.05.12]

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