©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions SMOKE Modeling System Zac Adelman and Andy Holland Carolina Environmental Program

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Training Overview  Emissions processing basics  SMOKE basics  Running SMOKE  Overview lab  SMOKE programs  SMOKE problem solving  Area sources lab  Biogenics lab  Point sources lab  Mobile sources lab  Merge lab  Quality assurance lab

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Overall Goal  Emissions inventory –Usually annual data (i.e. tons/yr) –Reported by source (may be county or coordinate) –By inventory pollutant (CO, NOx, VOC,,,)  Air quality model input –Hourly –Gridded –By model species –May be 3-D file (layered)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Source Categories  Point source characteristics –Country, state, and county (FIPS) –Latitude and longitude –Plant, point, stack, segment, and source category code (SCC) –Ex: power plants, furniture refinishers  Area source characteristics –Country, state, and county –Source category code (SCC) –Ex: residential heating, lawnmowers, vehicular road dust (unpaved road)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Source Categories  Mobile (on-road) source characteristics –Country, state, and county –Road type (e.g. rural interstate, urban local) –Vehicle type (e.g. light/heavy duty gasoline vehicles) –Optional link coordinates ( road segment within a county) –Ex: gasoline and diesel vehicles on freeways  Biogenic source characteristics –Gridded land use –Ex: crops, corn, soybean, conifer forests, wetlands

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Inventory pollutant: A compound or group of compounds defined for record-keeping and regulatory purposes (e.g. CO, NO x, VOC, PM 10, PM 2.5 )  Species: A compound or group of compounds defined as part of the estimation of air chemistry in an air quality model (AQM) (e.g. CO, NO, NO 2, PAR, TOL, OLE)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Chemical mechanism: A parameterized representation of coupled chemical reactions (e.g. CB4, RADM2)  Speciation: Convert the inventory pollutant data to the species needed by the AQM (e.g. VOC gets split into PAR, OLE, XYL, TOL, ISOP, and more)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Map projection: The mathematical 2-d representation of the spherical surface of the Earth  Model grid: A 2-d region based on a map projection; defined by starting coordinates, number of columns and rows, and the physical size of the grid cells

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Model Grid Examples

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Spatial allocation: Convert the source spatial extent to the grid cell resolution needed by the air quality model  Gridding surrogates: A dataset used to spatially allocate the emissions to the grid cells; developed from data at a finer resolution than the emissions (e.g. population, housing, airports, roads)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Model layers: Vertical spatial divisions of the atmosphere defined by an air quality model; used to model variations in the atmosphere at different vertical positions  Plume rise: The rising of exhaust from point sources due to the velocity and temperature of the exhaust gases

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Elevated source: A point source in which emissions extend beyond the first model layer due to plume rise  Plume-in-grid: A special treatment of elevated sources in which the plume rise is modeled with extra detail by the AQM

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Definitions  Temporal allocation: Convert the annual or daily inventory data to the hourly data needed by the AQM  Profile data: Factors used for converting inventory emissions data to AQM data  Cross-reference: A dataset used to match sources in the inventory with profile data

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Area Emissions Processing  Import data  Spatial allocation  Speciation  Temporal allocation  Growth (to a future or past year) and controls

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Point Emissions Processing  Import, speciation, temporal allocation, growth/controls, plus…  No surrogates needed for spatial allocation  May have day- and hour-specific emissions  Determine elevated and PinG sources  Special processing for elevated and PinG sources –CMAQ: Create 3-d emissions files and optional PinG files –CAMx: Create 2-d emissions files and special elevated (PinG optional) files

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Mobile Emissions Processing  Same steps as area emissions processing, plus…  May start with VMT instead of emissions –Create emission factors using MOBILE6 with meteorology and speed data –Emissions = emission factors x VMT  Spatial allocation may include county base link sources

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Mobile Emissions Processing  Emission factors from MOBILE6 depend on emissions process (e.g. start exhaust, running exhaust, running evaporative, hot soak)  Temporal allocation and speciation can depend on emissions process  Use this approach only for on-road mobile sources (nonroad mobile and vehicular road dust are processed as area sources)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Biogenic Emissions Processing  BEIS3 emissions model  About 230 land use types (for BELD3 data)  Estimate winter and summer emission factors of the different land use types for the modeling time period.  Adjusted by temperature and solar radiation  If land use is county-based, need to spatially allocate to grid cells (BEIS2 only)

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Merging  Combine independent import, gridding, speciation, temporal allocation, and other steps for a single source category to create model-ready files  Combine multiple source categories into a single data set, called model-ready output for the AQM  Output correct units, species, time steps, grid, and file format for the AQM

©2005,2006 Carolina Environmental Program Quality Assurance  Compare emission totals from emissions processor with inventory totals (by state, county, SCC, etc.)  Compare emission totals after each stage of processing  Ensure that input file formats are correct  Ensure that no errors occurred during processing  Compare emissions between states and counties