Measuring the inertia and resilience of Ecosystems

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Presentation transcript:

Measuring the inertia and resilience of Ecosystems Walter E. Westman Bioscience 1978

Introduces five characteristics of intertia and resilience Comments upon how they can be measured and/or modelled Examples mainly on terrestrial plants

outline 1. go through the five characteristics Definitions Examples 2. Provide some points for discussion

intertia definition: Resistance to change, how much force need to cause a certain change Example: how much radiations (this example is from the 1960’s!) is needed to reduce to species richness by 50% => Varies for different plant assemblages

Predictive index of inertia (aquatic) (Cairns and Dickson 1977) Product of: Degree of adaptions of indigenous organisms to environmental fluctuations Redudancy in function Cleansing capacity- turbulence etc Chemical buffering capacity Proximity of to threshold (cold to warm water fishery) Degree of effective management

Elasticity Definition: the time required to restore a particular characteristic of the ecosystem (recovery rate) Example: - After mining, the time required to attain percentage similarity of plant species composition to e.g. 85% of original or climax vegetation Disturbed tropical forest, extrapolated recovery time to climax state (from seed weights) Wet forest=1000 years, dry forest 150 years

Amplitude Definition: Zone from which the ecosystem will return to initial state=> tresholds Examples: Maximum stocking density to maintain pasture Minimum fallow time after swidden agriculture to restore soil fertility Oil exposure to plants threshold number (> 8-12 times), that when the plants cannot recover Fire frequency, when below a certain treshold, a different species composition develops Problems with measuring=> modelling, disturbance treshold, frequency of clearcuts pending on dispersal etc. Mengda av zooplankton har ikkje vore målt så mange år, og det kan også stillast spørsmål ved kor gode desse målingane er, sidan dei er gjorde med håvar som grovt underestimerer det store planktonet, som krill og amfipoder, og sidan målingane er gjorde om hausten, etter at mesteparten av beitesesongen er over.

Hysteresis Definition- degree to which the path of restoration is an exact reversal of path to degredation Example: Pattern of restoration/succession after grazing, incomparison with the order of disappearance

Malleability Definition: degree to which stable state established after distrubance differs for original steady state Stable state: mean species composition from one year to the next does not differ more than x % etc. Example: hsitorical records/modelling Compare measures of ecosystem structure and functioning, foliage cover, biomass, net production etc..) La oss så sjå på interaksjonane og først setja søkjelyset på lodde og plankton.

Points to discuss: How does the concepts here relate to other definitions of resilience? Raul: Inertia =resistance and not the same as resilience Elasticity= engeneering resilience Amplitude=related to ecological resilience Hysterises: Mallebility: two different stable states, equilibria, their difference in function

What kind of view of the ecosystem does the paper apply? Key-words, stable state, climax community, succession How can the concepts be applicable when studying large marine systems like the Barents Sea ecosystem? Synest vera ein motsett trend mellom desse to seriane. Køyrer vi ei korrelasjonsanalyse mellom desse seriane får vi den mistanken stadfest; det er ein negativ samanheng mellom mengda lodde og mengda zooplankton i denne perioden, noko som tyder på at beitetrykket frå lodda held zooplanktonnivået nede når det er mykje lodde.

Lat oss så sjå etter om det er nokon samanheng mellom mengda av lodde (blå kurve), veksten av lodde ((grøn kurve) og planktonbiomasse (raud kurve). Vekst litt i motfase med loddebiomasse, i fase med planktonbiomasse. Ei tolking kan vera at det er tettleiksavhengig vekst hos lodda, og at mekanismen er tilgangen på zooplankton i høve til loddemengda.

Lat oss så flytta søkjelyset opp eit nivå, til torsk og lodde.

Ingen tydelig samanheng mellom torskevekst (grøn kurve) og mengda torsk (raud kurve). Her går det opp og ned med begge, men verken i takt eller utakt. Veksten har vore på det jamne sidan byrjinga på 1990-talet, medan bestandsstorleiken har varier med ein faktor på 2 i denne perioden. Ei rimeleg tolking kan vera at det i denne perioden har vore nok mat til minst 2.5 millionar tonn med torsk. I perioden før dette ser vi store fluktuasjonar i torskeveksten i ein periode med jamt lite torsk. Mageprøvane viser at lodda er viktigaste matemnet til torsken, men han et også mykje anna.

Her er mengda lodde vist i grønt og torskeveksten i raudt Her er mengda lodde vist i grønt og torskeveksten i raudt. Då loddebestanden braut saman i 1985 gjekk torskeveksten kraftig ned, og motsett då lodda kom att frå 1988. Ikkje nokon tydeleg samanheng etter 1990, då har som før nemnt torskeveksten vore på det jamne, trass i at loddebestanden braut saman to gonger til.

Lat oss no sjå på ein krabat som ikkje er med i økosystemskissa, nemleg hysa.

Her er veksten av hysa vist i raudt, mot storleiken på hysebestanden i grønt. Her synest vera ein viss motfase; når bestanden er låg er veksten god og omvendt. Kanskje dette ber bod om at hysa, som i stor grad er avhengig av benthos som mat, i periodar når eit nivå der mattilbodet set grenser for veksten?