The History of American Education 7 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS 7.1 Charter Schools (1991-Present) Middle/High Schools (1950s-Present) Junior High Schools (1909-Present) High Schools (1800s-Present) Academies (1700s-1800s) English Grammar Schools (1700s) Latin Grammar Schools (1600s-1700s) Common Schools (1830-Present) Private Schools (1700s-1800s) Itinerant Schools (1700s) Tutors (1600-1900) Local Schools (1600s-1800s) Dame Schools (1600) 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES 7.2 Seventeenth Century Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors 1635 Boston Latin Grammar School 1636 Harvard College 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law 1687-1890 New England Primer published Eighteenth Century Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education 1740 South Carolina denies education to blacks 1751 Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia 1783 Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book 1785, 1787 Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance SOURCE: Joel Spring, American Education, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 7.3 Nineteenth Century Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation 1821 Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls 1821 First public high school opens in Boston 1823 First (private) normal school opens in Vermont 1827 Massachusetts requires public high schools 1837 Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts 1839 First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts 1855 First kindergarten (German language) in United States 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act 1874 Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools) 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools SOURCE: Joel Spring, American Education, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 7.4 Twentieth Century Increasing federal support for educational rights of under-achieving students; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs 1909 First junior high school in Berkeley, California 1919 Progressive education programs 1932 New Deal education programs 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools 1957 Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds 1958 National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs 1964-1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools (Continued) SOURCE: Joel Spring, American Education, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 7.5 Twentieth Century (continued) 1964-1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools 1975 Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, 1991) is passed 1979 Cabinet-level Department of Education is established 1990-present Increased public school diversity and competition through charter schools, for-profit companies, open enrollment, and technological options. Promotion of educational goals, standards and testing. Twenty-First Century Increasing focus on standards, testing, and accountability 2001 Passage of No Child Left Behind Act 2011-present Federal government modifies NCLB, allowing states greater freedom in evaluating students and teachers SOURCE: Joel Spring, American Education, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).

DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION 7.6 Student-Generated Responses Group Key Points African Americans Arab Americans Asian/Pacific Americans European Americans Hispanics Native Americans Women and Girls Other(s)

THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. HIGH SCHOOL 7.7 Year 14 to 17 Year-Olds in School (Percentage of Total) 1890 6.7 1910 15.4 1930 51.4 1950 76.8 1970 92.7 1980 91.0 1990 94.0 2000 95.7 2010 95.9 Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

JOHN DEWEY QUOTATION 7.8 To “learn from experience” is to make a backward and forward connection between what we do to things and what we enjoy or suffer from things in consequence. Source: Some Favorite Quotes from John Dewey, http://cuip.uchicago.edu/~cac/dewey.html.

SELECTED FEDERAL LEGISLATION 7.9 1785, 1787 Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance 1862, 1890 Morrill Land Grant College Acts 1917 Smith-Hughes Act 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill of Rights) 1958 National Defense Education Act (NDEA) 1964-1965 Project Head Start 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1968 Bilingual Education Act 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments 1975, 1991, 1997, 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2001 No Child Left Behind Act

U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS 7.10 Figure 7.1 SOURCE: Hispanic Americans by the Numbers, U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. Figure 7.1

ARAB AMERICANS BY ANCESTRY 7.11 SOURCE: Arab American Institute, “Demographics” 2011, www.aaiusa.org. Figure 7.2