 Trial Courts : listen to testimony, consider evidence, and decide the facts in disputed situations  In a CIVIL case the party bringing the case is called the plaintiff. In a CRIMINAL case the government serves as the prosecutor.

 Adversarial System : allows opposing parties to present their legal conflicts before an impartial judge or jury  Inquisitional System : a method for handling disputes in which the judge is active in questioning witnesses and controlling court processes

Judges - preside over the trial - make sure the attorneys follow the rules - instructs the jury on the law - can sentence individuals

 Remember the 6 th and 7 th amendments?  To serve on jury you must….  Be a US citizen  At least 18 years old  Be a resident of the state  Be able to speak and understand English

 It is our DUTY to complete jury service.  Jury lists are complied from lists of registered voters and licensed drivers  Convicted felons are ineligible for jury service unless their rights have been restored.

 Employers are required to give employees time off for jury service  Courts pay jurors a small stipend  One-day or One-trial Plan : Jurors must show up on the day they are called. If they are selected they must serve the duration of the trial

 Voir Dire : the screening process in which opposing lawyers question perspective jurors to ensure as favorable or as fair a jury as possible  Removal for Cause : opposing attorneys may request the removal of any juror who appears incapable of delivering a fair, impartial verdict  Peremptory Challenges : attorneys on opposing sides may dismiss certain jurors without a reason. (cannot be used to discriminate based on race)

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 In an appeals court, one party presents arguments asking the court to review the decision of the trial court.  No juries, no witnesses, no new evidence  An appeal is only possible when there is a claim that the trial court committed an error in law : occurs when the judge makes a mistake as to the law in the case (ex: p.52)

 Precedent : court decision that guides future cases with similar questions  Majority Opinion : states the decision of the court  Dissenting Opinion : written by judges who disagree with the majority opinion  Concurring Opinion : written by judges who agree with the majority opinion but for different reasons

US Supreme Court US Court of Appeals US District Court (trial courts)

 Congress has the power to create lower courts  70% of the cases filed in federal court each year are bankruptcy cases  Federal courts hear about 1 million cases each year

 Indians still maintain some authority over their reservations.  Family relationships  Tribal membership  Law and order on the reservation  The federal court has the authority to hear felony cases committed on Indian reservations

 9 justices on the Supreme Court  All courts in the US must follow Supreme Court decisions  The majority of cases appealed to the Supreme Court come from prison inmates  The court often reverses earlier cases to reflect the changing view of society.

 If the court decides to hear a case….  Both sides write briefs about how the case should be decided  Oral Arguments (each side gets 30 minutes to present their case)  The justices meet in secrecy to decide the case and write opinions

 Term: from Oct-June  Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed/approved by the Senate  Justice are appointed for life

 John Roberts  (Chief Justice) (2005)  Anthony Kennedy  (1988)  Clarence Thomas  (1991)  Antonin Scalia  (1986)  Samuel Alito Jr.  (2006)  Ruth Bader Ginsburg  (1993)  Stephen Breyer  (1994)  Sonia Sotomayer  (2009)  Elena Kagan  (2010)

Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor Justice Paul E. Pfeifer Justice Terrence O'Donnell Justice Judith Ann Lanzinger Justice Sharon L. Kennedy Justice Judith L. French Justice William M. O'Neill

Ohio Supreme Court Court of Appeals Court of Common Pleas ProbateJuvenile DomesticGeneral Division Municipal CourtsCourt of Claims

 International Court of Justice : set up by the UN, settles disputes based on international law  International Criminal Court : tries individuals for crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide (US does not approve)

 Lawyers = attorney  Trial Lawyers are called litigators

 Seeing a lawyer does not mean you are in trouble…sometimes you can consult a lawyer before trouble arises…  Real estate  Divorce, adoption  Contracts  accidents

 Ask for a recommendation  In 1977 the Supreme Court ruled lawyers could advertise  If you cannot afford a lawyer you may be eligible for free legal assistance (public defender)

 How much does the lawyer charge per hour?  How often will you be billed?  Retainer : a down payment on the total fee  Contingency fee : not per hour or lump sum; a percentage of whatever amount the client wins or settles for in the case (usually 1/3)

 You must be able to TRUST your attorney  Attorney-Client Privilege : whatever you tell your attorney about your case is private and confidential  Attorneys will give you advice, but YOU must make the final decisions.  Legal Malpractice : the type of lawsuit brought against a lawyer for loss or injury to the client caused by the lawyer’s error or failure to meet acceptable standards of practice for the legal profession