The Deuterostomes Chapter 31 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Outline Echinoderms Chordates Invertebrates Vertebrates Fishes Amphibians Retiles Birds Mammals Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Echinoderms have an exoskeleton of spine-bearing, calcium-rich plates. Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms have an exoskeleton of spine-bearing, calcium-rich plates. Class Crinoidea - Sea lilies. Class Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers. Class Ophiuroidea - Brittle stars. Class Asteroidea - Sea stars. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Each arm has a groove lined by tube feet. Feeding structure. Sea Stars Each arm has a groove lined by tube feet. Feeding structure. Stomach secretes enzymes. In each arm, coelom contains a pair of digestive glands and gonads. Locomotion depends on water vascular system. Simple circulatory system. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Echinoderms Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Four Main Characteristics Notochord Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Pouches Tail Chordates Phylum Chordata Four Main Characteristics Notochord Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Pouches Tail Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Invertebrate Chordates Notochord persists and is never replaced by a vertebral column. Lancets (Subphylum Cephalochordata) Sea Squirts (Subphylum Urochordata) Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Invertebrate Chordates Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Vertebrate skeleton is living tissue that grows with the animal. Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrate skeleton is living tissue that grows with the animal. Main axis of internal jointed skeleton consists of vertebral columns and a skull that encloses the brain. Cephalization is accompanied by sense organs. Evolution of jaws and predation. Amnion allows reproduction on land. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Living endoskeleton with vertebral column. Closed circulatory system. Vertebrate Features Living endoskeleton with vertebral column. Closed circulatory system. Paired appendages. Efficient respiration and excretion. High degree of cephalization. Adapted to active lifestyles. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha) Fishes are aquatic, gill-breathing vertebrates that usually have fins and scale-covered skin. Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha) Ostracoderms - earliest vertebrate fossils. Lampreys and hagfishes are modern-day jawless fishes that lack a bony skeleton. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Jawless Fishes Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Gnathostomates have jaws. Fishes With Jaws Gnathostomates have jaws. Believed to have evolved from first pair of gill arches of agnathans. Placoderms, extinct jawed fishes of Devonian period, are believed to be ancestral to early sharks and bony fish. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilaginous Fishes Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilaginous Fishes Sharks, rays, skates Lack gill cover of bony fish. Utilize lateral line system. Filter feeders and predators. Pectoral fins can be enlarged into large, winglike fins. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Cartilaginous Fishes Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of bone. Bony Fishes Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of bone. Most are ray-finned fishes. Lobe-finned fishes are small subgroup with fleshy fins supported by central bones. Bony fish have a gas-filled sac (swim bladder) whose pressure can be altered to change buoyancy. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Ray-Finned Fishes Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Tetrapods (Have four limbs) Hypotheses of evolution. Amphibians Tetrapods (Have four limbs) Hypotheses of evolution. Lobe-finned fishes had an evolutionary advantage due to movement capability. Supply of food on land and the absence of predators promoted further adaptations. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Lobe-Finned Fish Versus Amphibians Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Diversity of Amphibians Amphibians today occur in three groups: Salamanders and newts Salamanders practice internal fertilization. Frogs and toads Tailless Caecilians Legless, sightless, worm-shaped Most return to water for reproduction. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Amphibians Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Lungs usually present in adults. Metamorphosis Smooth and moist skin. Amphibian Features Usually tetrapods. Lungs usually present in adults. Metamorphosis Smooth and moist skin. Three-chambered heart. Ectothermic Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Reptiles Class Reptilia is believed to have evolved from amphibian ancestors by the Permian period. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Phylogenetic Tree Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Reptiles Practice internal fertilization and lay eggs protected by a leathery shell (amniotic egg). Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is keratinized and impermeable to water. Usually tetrapods. Lungs with expandable rib cage. Shelled amniotic egg. Dry, scaly skin. Ectothermic Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Characteristics of Class Aves Feathers Hard-shelled amniotic egg. Birds Characteristics of Class Aves Feathers Hard-shelled amniotic egg. Four-chambered heart. Often winged Air sacs Endothermic Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Bird Beaks Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Class Mammalia evolved during the Mesozoic era from therapsids. Mammals Class Mammalia evolved during the Mesozoic era from therapsids. Mammalian skull accommodates a larger brain relative to body size. Chief characteristics and hair and milk-producing mammary glands. Infant Dependency Internal Development Differentiated Teeth Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs. Mammals Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs. Marsupials - Females contain pouch. Placentals - Females have organ for exchange of maternal and placental blood. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Major Orders of Mammals Perissodactyla Horses Artiodactyla Deer Carnivora Cats Primates Monkeys Cetacea Whales Chiroptera Bats Rodentia Mice Proboscidea Elephants Lagomorpha Rabbits Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Review Echinoderms Chordates Invertebrates Vertebrates Fishes Amphibians Retiles Birds Mammals Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Mader: Biology 8th Ed.