Discussion What challenges do you think countries faced in finding workers to fill all the industrial jobs needed to increase military production? What challenges do you think countries faced in finding workers to fill all the industrial jobs needed to increase military production? With many young men fighting on the fronts, countries would have had a shortage of industrial workers— in many cases needing to fill industrial jobs with women, older men, and even children.

Emergency Measures in the Soviet Union Death of many civilians: Early Soviet defeats led to drastic emergency measures that greatly affected the civilian population. Many civilians died in such battles as the Siege of Leningrad. Death of many civilians: Early Soviet defeats led to drastic emergency measures that greatly affected the civilian population. Many civilians died in such battles as the Siege of Leningrad. Movement of factories: Faced with rapid German advances, Soviet workers dismantled whole factories and shipped them to interior parts of the country to continue the production of military supplies. Movement of factories: Faced with rapid German advances, Soviet workers dismantled whole factories and shipped them to interior parts of the country to continue the production of military supplies. Shortages of food and housing: The focus on production of supplies for the military led to shortages among the citizenry. Shortages of food and housing: The focus on production of supplies for the military led to shortages among the citizenry. Role of women: The numbers of women working in industries increased sharply, and women even fought in battles. Role of women: The numbers of women working in industries increased sharply, and women even fought in battles.

Rapid Economic Mobilization in the United States Population shifts and shortages: Workers who moved to the locations of new factories faced a shortage of housing and schools. Population shifts and shortages: Workers who moved to the locations of new factories faced a shortage of housing and schools. African American migration: The movement of African Americans seeking jobs in industries often led to racial tensions. African American migration: The movement of African Americans seeking jobs in industries often led to racial tensions. Internment of Japanese Americans: On the West Coast, many Japanese Americans were held in internment camps. Internment of Japanese Americans: On the West Coast, many Japanese Americans were held in internment camps.

Delayed Economic Mobilization in Germany Slowness of full economic mobilization: Determined to avoid the collapse of the home front that Germany experienced during World War I, Hitler was slow to cut the production of consumer goods. German forces plundered the goods of defeated countries to provide for the home front. Only when the war turned in favor of the Allies did he order a total mobilization of the economy, increasing arms production and closing schools, theaters, and cafés. Slowness of full economic mobilization: Determined to avoid the collapse of the home front that Germany experienced during World War I, Hitler was slow to cut the production of consumer goods. German forces plundered the goods of defeated countries to provide for the home front. Only when the war turned in favor of the Allies did he order a total mobilization of the economy, increasing arms production and closing schools, theaters, and cafés. Attitudes toward women: Even as more and more men went off to war, the numbers of women contributing to the war effort did not increase much. Attitudes toward women: Even as more and more men went off to war, the numbers of women contributing to the war effort did not increase much.

Preparedness for War in Japan Initial state of high mobilization: After years of war with China, Japan was already mobilized for war. The government controlled prices, wages, labor, and resources. Initial state of high mobilization: After years of war with China, Japan was already mobilized for war. The government controlled prices, wages, labor, and resources. Call for civilian sacrifices: Traditions of obedience and hierarchy were used to encourage Japanese citizens to make sacrifices for the national cause—including volunteering to become kamikaze pilots. Call for civilian sacrifices: Traditions of obedience and hierarchy were used to encourage Japanese citizens to make sacrifices for the national cause—including volunteering to become kamikaze pilots. Reluctance to mobilize woman: Few women took jobs that directly contributed to the war effort. Instead, needed laborers were brought from other countries. Reluctance to mobilize woman: Few women took jobs that directly contributed to the war effort. Instead, needed laborers were brought from other countries.

Discussion During the early part of the war, how did Germany's approach to the economy and civilian sacrifice differ from Japan's? During the early part of the war, how did Germany's approach to the economy and civilian sacrifice differ from Japan's? The German government was afraid that morale would suffer if sacrifices were requested of the citizenry early in the war. Therefore, Hitler did not immediately order a cut in the production of consumer goods and an increase in military production. Japan was already in full mobilization when it entered the war, with the government controlling the economy. From the start, leaders encouraged citizens to make and endure sacrifices and contribute to the war effort.

Background Fearing a Japanese invasion following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government established the U.S. War Relocation Authority to organize the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from their homes on the West Coast. Some 110,000 people were moved to isolated relocation centers in California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Arkansas. Housed in military barracks, adults were given few opportunities and children were given little education. In 1988, the government apologized for the internments and passed legislation providing payments to the surviving victims. Fearing a Japanese invasion following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government established the U.S. War Relocation Authority to organize the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from their homes on the West Coast. Some 110,000 people were moved to isolated relocation centers in California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Arkansas. Housed in military barracks, adults were given few opportunities and children were given little education. In 1988, the government apologized for the internments and passed legislation providing payments to the surviving victims.

Discussion What sacrifices did civilians make to support the war effort during World War II? What sacrifices did civilians make to support the war effort during World War II? Civilians coped with shortages of food, housing, and consumer goods; women worked in businesses and factories, and some served in the military; children lost homes and schools, and some worked in factories and served in the military; civilians suffered terrible casualties