BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ TOPIC – “ DETAILS GREAT JUTLAND NAVAL BATTLE WW I “ SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “STS” } BY FRANK J. GADEK, PH.D. “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “

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BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLAND BETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANY ONE OF GREATEST IN HISTORY MAY 31, 1916

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BRITISH ADMIRAL JELLICOE COMMANDED THE “MOST POWERFUL FLEET” EVER SENT TO SEA IN WAR UNDER “ONE MAN’S COMMAND” [HOWARTH, P#410]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLAND THE GRAND FLEET = BRITISH THE HIGH SEAS FLEET = GERMAN LASTED ABOUT 5 HOURS TYPICAL BATTLE ISSUES DEVELOPED: LUCKMISTAKESCOMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENTPEOPLEETC. NO CLEAR VICTORY, ONLY UNRESOLVED AND DEBATABLE COMPLEXITIES

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BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ VERY DIFFICULT TO REALLY COMPARE BRITISH & GERMAN FLEETS DUE TO SO MANY AND COMPLEX FACTORS, ESPECIALLY FOR SUCH NEW, INNOVATIVE AND UNTESTED SHIPS OF THIS NEW ERA OF MODERN AND CONSTANTLY EVOLVING NAVAL WARFARE

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NOTE: SOME SOURCES DO NOT AGREE ON THE EXACT NUMBERS OF SHIPS, GUNS, CREW, ETC. FOR VARIOUS REASONS HOWEVER, A GENERAL IDEA OF THE SIZES OF EACH SIDE CAN STILL BE APPRECIATED

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ ALSO, MANY OTHER FACTORS ALSO ARE INVOLVED ALSO, MANY OTHER FACTORS ALSO ARE INVOLVED : GERMAN SHIPS BUILT BETTER TO WITHSTAND HITS GERMAN SHIPS STRESSED ARMOUR & GUNS – “SURVIVAL” BRITISH SHIPS STRESSED SPEED & GUNS - “HIT & RUN” BRITISH SHIPS BUILT TO “LIVE ON” GERMAN SHIPS BUILT FOR SHORT TIMES AT SEA – A FEW DAYS CONTROVERSY ABOUT EFFECTIVENESS OF PROJECTILES / SHELLS GERMANS BETTER AT NIGHT FIGHTING AT SEA BRITISH SHIP MAJOR DEFECT – BYPASSED SAFETY PROCEDURES TO MINIMIZE “FLASH” SUPPRESSION OF PROPELLANTS WHEN HIT SO COULD FIRE FASTER ETC.

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BRITISH FLEET: 151 SHIPS 60,000 MEN GERMAN FLEET: 99 SHIPS 36,000 MEN [

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BRITISH: 28 BATTLESHIPS 8 BATTLECRUISERS GERMANY: 22 BATTLESHIPS 5 BATTLECRUISERS LOSSES : BRITISH 115,025 TONS GERMAN 61,180 “RATIO = 1.9” ON PAPER – VICTORY LAY WITH GERMANS [GEORGE, P#16]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ EVENING MAY 30, 1916 BRITISH GRAND FLEET HEADING TO JUTLAND BANK UNDER JELLICOE 3 FORMATIONS 150 SHIPS 28 DREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIPS 9 DREADNOUGHT BATTLE CRUISERS 8 ARMOURED CRUISERS 26 LIGHT CRUISERS 78 DESTROYERS 1 MINELAYER 1 AIRCRAFT CARRIER [MASSIE #2, P#577]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ COMPARE BRITISH & GERMAN FLEETS AT JUTLAND SHIPSBRITISHGERMAN DREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIPS 2816 BATTLE CRUISERS 95 LIGHTER CRAFT11372 GUN POWER HEAVY NAVAL GUNS ONLY FOR “BATTLESHIPS” ”48 14” ”110 12” ”72 [MASSIE #2, P#577]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BATTLE CRUISERS – MORE DISPARATE GUNSBRITISHGERMAN 13.5”32 12” ”28 BRITISH SPEED ADVANTAGE – KNOTS FASTER [MASSIE #2, P#577]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NOW 58 MOVING “CASTLES OF GRAY STEEL” – “THE DREADNOUGHTS” - OF THE 2 GREATEST NAVIES WERE ABOUT TO COLLIDE [MASSIE #2, P#578]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BUT MODERN WARFARE WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM PAST WARFARE DUE TO NEW SCI / TECH DEVELOPMENTS

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NELSON’S TRAFALGAR: SPEED 1 – 3 KNOTS 5 HOURS BETWEEN SIGHTING / OPENING FIRE AFTER 4.5 HOURS CANNON FIRE AT RANGES AS CLOSE AS 10 YARDS, NO SHIP SUNK BOARDING / CAPTURE WHAT COUNTED HAD MUCH EXPERIENCE IN THIS TYPE OF STRATEGY MANY “TESTS” OF SUCH SHIPS IN BATTLE BEATTY’S JUTLAND: SPEED > 26 KNOTS 18 MINUTES BETWEEN SIGHTING / OPENING FIRE IN LESS THAN 1 HOUR, 1/3 OF HIS BATTLE CRUISERS BLOWN UP HAD NO EXPERIENCE IN THIS TYPE OF STRATEGY NO PREVIOUS “TEST” OF SUCH SHIPS IN BATTLE [HOUGH, P#267]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NEW NAVAL WARFARE ISSUES NEW NAVAL WARFARE ISSUES: TORPEDOS HAD RANGE OF ABOUT 20,000 YARDS OR 60,000 FEET OR 12 MILES 12” GUN PROJECTILES WEIGHED ALMOST 1/2 TON = 1000 LBS COULD BE SHOT ABOUT 18,500 YARDS, OR ABOUT 10 MILES TOOK ONLY ABOUT 30 SECONDS TO REACH TARGET SO NEW TACTICS INVOLVED VERY FAST LONG RANGE SHOOTING CAPTAIN OF SHIPS HAD VERY LITTLE TIME TO REACT [HOUGH, P#27, 268, 270]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NEW 15” SHELLS: ABOUT 1 TON ABOUT 20 MILES [HOUGH, P#27] ME - YOU COULD NOT SEE SHIPS DUE TO THE HORIZON, BUT COULD SEE THEIR SMOKE, BUT IF NO SMOKE, THEN ONLY GUN FLASHES & SHIPS CLOSE TO YOU IN ½ HOUR 18” SHEELS FOUND TO DO TOO MUCH DAMAGE TO THEIR OWN SHIP ON FIRING, SO ABANDONED [ BEFORE 68 POUND SOLID SHOT NOW 16” RIFLED BREECH LOADING GUNS FIRING EXPLOSIVE CHARGES IN DEFENCE – ARMOUR-PLATE INCREASED ABOUT 28% OF TONNAGE [HOUGH, P#8-9]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ NOW MUCH MORE DANGEROUS SITUATION: INVINCIBLE DIRECT HIT AND MAGAZINE EXPLODED ALL CREW LOST EXCEPT 5 OF 1031 SANK IMMEDIATELY SPLIT IN TWO – EACH END STOOD UPRIGHT IN SHALLOW WATER SPEED = 25 KNOTS [NOT 20 OF BATTLESHIPS] WEIGHT = 17,250 TONS [LIKE BATTLESHIPS] 567 FEET LONG, 79 FEET WIDE, DRAUGHT 27 FEET COST = 1,767,515 BRITISH POUNDS £ [ESTIMATE $70,700,600 IN TODAY’S US DOLLARS] [HOUGH, P#246, MASSIE #1, P493, 911; WORLDWAR1.CO.UK/BATTLECRUISER]]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ FATAL FLAW OF NEW BATTLE “CRUISERS” LIKE INVINCIBLE LIGHTER ARMOUR THAN BATTLESHIPS SO COULD INCREASE SPEED EXTRA WEIGHT WENT TO ENGINES FOR SPEED ORIGINALLY WERE TO BE USED LIKE “CALVARY” AND NOT GO DIRECTLY AGAINST BATTLESHIPS BUT LATER “CONFUSION” ON HOW TO USE “GUNS, ARMOUR AND SPEED” ALL INTERRELATED CAN MAXIMIZE 2 BUT DIFFICULT TO MAXIMIZE ALL 3 [MASSIE #1, P#493-4]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ SO LIMITS OF PRESENT SCI / TECH STARTED TO BECOME MORE EVIDENT AND ACCEPTED, UNTIL NEW SCI / TECH COULD OVERCOME THESE LIMITS IN INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE WAYS, IN AN EVER EXPANDING PROCESS OF CONTINUAL EVOLUTION

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BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ BUT OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS BUT OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS : LOSS OF SHIPS – MARGINALLY IN GERMAN FAVOR DAMAGED SHIPS – IN BRITISH FAVOR NOT A BRITISH TRAFALGAR TYPE OF VICTORY, BUT GERMAN FLEET “ESCAPED ONLY BY THE SKIN OF ITS TEETH” GERMAN OBJECTIVE – TRAP / DESTROY PART OF BRITISH FLEET – FAILED – NEVER TRIED MUCH AGAIN – KEPT IN PORT FOR MOST PART BRITISH OBJECTIVE – SURVIVE TO MAINTAIN GERMAN BLOCKADE – SUCCESSFUL!!! [HOUGH, P#296, MASSIE #2, P#682]

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ ALSO, GERMAN NAVY MORALE PLUMMETED & EVENTUALLY LED TO MUTINY! BUT BRITISH ADMIRAL JELLICO WAS CRITICIZED BY SOME FOR MISSING AN OPPORTUNITY OF ELIMINATING THE GERMAN NAVY IN A DECISIVE BATTLE LIKE NELSON AT TRAFALGAR HOWEVER, JELLICO’S CONSERVATIVISM MINIMIZED SUCH A DISASTER FOR THE BRITISH NAVY, WHICH WAS MORE CRITICAL

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ REALLY HAVE TO READ REFERENCES TO FORM YOUR OWN “INFORMED OPINION!” SINCE SO COMPLEX & SO MANY CONTROVERSIES

BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/ TO BE CONTINUED AS INTEREST & RESOURCES PERMIT JUST LET ME KNOW !