MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS

Wednesday, November 5th, 2014 Objective: BIO.A.2.2.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms. Objective: To describe the function of proteins inside living things Warmup: 1.) When a group of cells work together, such as in bones, muscles or nerves, they are known as . a. An organism c. A tissue b. An organ d. An organelle 2.) Sugars such as glucose, fructose and ribose are examples of . a. Nucleic acids c. Lipids b. Carbohydrates d. proteins

Thursday, November 6th, 2014 Objective: BIO.A.2.2.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms. Objective: To describe the function of proteins inside living things Warmup: 1.) Polymers are formed from monomers with the removal of what molecule? a. ADP b. Water c. Ethane d. Nitrogen 2.) A is a kind of lipid that can store energy for a long period of time. These lipids are made of long chains of carbon and oxygen atoms bonded to a backbone structure. a. Protein b. Fat c. Carbohydrate d. Nucleic acid

I. Background Composed of chains of amino acids (aa) (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds. Chains of amino acids are called peptides

I. Background Contain the element nitrogen in addition to C, H and O. Functions: Storage of energy : Ex. Albumin (egg white) Transport: Ex. Hemoglobin Regulation: Ex. Hormones (insulin) Movement: Ex. Muscles Structure: Ex. Hair, nails, membranes Act as enzymes: Ex. Catalase, amylase

II. Structure (Form) Determines Function The structure of a protein determines what it does. Each arrangement of aa forms a different peptide which is folded into a unique protein. Four levels of globular protein structure: Primary structure: Peptide bonds form between aa creating chains

II. Structure (Form) Determines Function Four levels of globular protein structure: Secondary structure: 3-D folded arrangement of primary structure into coil and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds

II. Structure (Form) Determines Function Four levels of globular protein structure: Tertiary structure: Secondary structures bend and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined peptide chains.

II. Structure (Form) Determines Function Four levels of globular protein structure: Quaternary structure: Composed of multiple structures. This determines its function. Structure Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ

II. Structure (Form) Determines Function Globular Protein Examples: Albumin Hemoglobin

III. Non Functional Proteins Denaturation – process when a protein changes its shape and cannot perform its function Caused by: change in heat and change in pH

IV. Analyzing Data At which temperature does this enzyme work best? At which temperature does this enzyme stop working? ~63°C

It denatured (changed its shape) so it IV. Analyzing Data Why did the enzyme stop working at 63°C? It denatured (changed its shape) so it can no longer work.

IV. Analyzing Data In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes/proteins they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information? A) Cells function best at high pH levels. B) Cells do not function well at pH levels that are too high or too low. C) Cells can function equally well at all pH levels. D) Cells function best at low pH levels.

Check Your Understanding Cellular processes are carried out many different types of molecules, mostly proteins. The function of each protein molecule depends on its shape which, in turn, is determined by the protein’s specific sequence of _____. Monosaccharides Amino acids Triglycerides Nucleotides  

Check Your Understanding Two proteins in the same cell perform different functions. This is because the two proteins are composed of Chains folded the same way and the same sequence of simple sugars Chains folded the same way and the same sequence of amino acids Chains folded differently and a different sequence of simple sugars Chains folded differently and a different sequence of amino acids

Check Your Understanding Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? Large amount of stored information Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions Efficient storage of usable chemical energy Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic  

Check Your Understanding Which of the following is a function of proteins? Storing energy Storing waste Catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions Donating electrons  

What are enzymes? Enzymes are very important for chemical reactions. There are two parts for every reaction: Reactants - the things that go into a chemical reaction. Products – the things that are created as a result of a chemical reaction C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O reactants products

What are enzymes? Enymes are proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (catalyst) Enzymes speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction. -Activation energy is energy that chemicals need to break bonds Example: Frogs leaping over a pile of rocks The higher the barrier (activation energy), the less frogs can get over (less product can be created). The lower the barrier, the more Products can be made.