제 12 장 Bus. kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 12.1 Why bus is needed ? 컴퓨터를 구성하는 요소들 (CPU, Memory, I/O) 이 정보를 교환하기 위해서는 통로가 필요함 통로를 구성하기 위한 대표적인 방법 MeshBus 장점.

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Presentation transcript:

제 12 장 Bus

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 12.1 Why bus is needed ? 컴퓨터를 구성하는 요소들 (CPU, Memory, I/O) 이 정보를 교환하기 위해서는 통로가 필요함 통로를 구성하기 위한 대표적인 방법 MeshBus 장점 : 확장성, 연결비용 장점 : 동시 정보전송

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Mesh 장점 : 동시 정보전송 단점 : 연결비용의 과다에 의한 확장의 어려움

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Bus 장점 : 확장성, 연결비용 단점 : 동시 정보 전송의 어려움

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 12.2 Board 의 분리와 bus 와의 관계 ? small computer system -> single board large computer system -> need several boards (size problem, stability problem) - How do we partition the circuitry among boards ? - How do we interconnect the boards ? -> Minimize the total number of signal paths among circuit boards - Economize Connect Pins, - Buffering Circuits - Simplify the layout of the backplane - Noise Reduction -> Use common set of signal lines ( called bus )

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 분할 뒤, Bus 를 이용하여 서로 연결 How ? Bus 가 독립 Bus 가 main board 에 종속

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung PC Bus - CPU, Memory, 기본 I/O 는 mother board 에 장착 - 추가적인 Memory 및 I/O 확장은 slot 을 이용 mother board

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Backplane - bus 를 backplane 형태로 구성 - CPU / Memory / Input / Output 은 연결을 위하여 backplane 이용 backplane

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Backplane Rack

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 12.3 PC bus 의 발전사 CPU Memory I/O Cache local bus IO Interface 가 local bus 를 이용 -> 단점 : CPU 의 local bus 에 종속적

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory I/O Cache local bus System Bus Controller system bus : ISA bus ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung IO Interface 가 system bus 를 이용 -> 장점 : I/O Interface 가 CPU 에 독립 -> 단점 : CPU 와 I/O 의 전송 속도가 system bus 의 속도에 한정 CPU 의 속도 증가, Graphic board 의 속도 증가 -> CPU 와 I/O 사이에 낮은 전송속도만이 필요한 초반에는 장점이 많음 (8086/8088/80286/80386) CPU 와 I/O 사이에 높은 전송속도도 필요한 (Graphic, Network, Disk) 부터 단점이 부각됨 ISA bus 의 peak data transfer rate -> (8M X 2byte) / 2clock = 8 MByte/sec EIAS bus 의 peak data transfer rate -> (8M X 4byte) / 1clock = 32 Mbyte/sec

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory I/O Cache local bus ISA Bus Controller ISA bus I/O VL bus VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) Local Bus

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 빠른 전송을 필요로 하는 I/O Interface 의 경우 local bus 를 이용 (ex: Graphic, Network, Disk) -> 장점 : 빠른 전송을 필요로 하는 I/O Interface 의 경우 CPU 의 local bus 를 이용 VL bus 의 peak data transfer rate (33M X 4byte) / 1clock = 132 MByte/sec -> 단점 : I/O Interface 가 CPU 에 종속 486 VL 에서 설계된 board : 586 에서 사용 불가능 나머지 I/O interface 의 경우 -> ISA bus 이용

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory I/O Cache local bus PCI Bus Controller PCI bus ISA Bus Controller ISA bus I/O PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Local bus 의 단점 - I/O Interface 가 CPU 에 종속 PCI bus 의 정의 - 빠른 전송을 필요로 하는 I/O Interface 의 경우 PCI bus 를 이용 PCI bus 의 peak data transfer rate (33M X 8byte) / 1clock = 264 MByte/sec (66M X 8byte) / 1clock = 528 MByte/sec

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung 12.4 Types of signal lines in a typical bus Power Clock Address Data Data Transfer Control Interrupt Bus Control Other

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Address/Data and Command AD[31:0] – Address/Data Bus C/BE#[3:0] – Command/Byte Enable Interface Control FRAME# - Cycle Frame IRDY# - Initiator Ready TRDY# - Target Ready DEVSEL# - Device Select Arbitration REQ# - Request GNT# - Grant Interrupt INTA# - Interrupt A 12.5 PCI bus

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung C/BE3#C/BE2#C/BE1#C/BE0#Command Type 0000Interrupt Acknowledge 0010I/O Read 0011I/O Write 0110Memory Read 0111Memory Write PCI Command Type

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Interface Control FRAME# - Cycle Frame is driven by the current initiator. - indicates the start and duration of a transaction. IRDY# - Initiator Ready is driven by the current bus master. - During a write, is driving valid data. - During a read, is ready to accept data from the current-addressed target. TRDY# - Target Ready is driven by the current-addressed target. - It is asserted when the target is ready to complete the current data phase. - During a read, is driving valid data. - During a write, is ready to accept data from the master. DEVSEL# - Device Select is asserted by a target when the target has decoded its address.

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung FRAME#IRDY#Description 00A transaction is in progress and initiator is ready to complete the current data phase. 01A transaction is in progress and initiator is not ready to complete the current data phase. 10Initiator is ready to complete the last data transfer of a transaction, but is has not yet completed. 11Bus idle

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 AD C BE# Single Read Transaction (no wait states)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 AD C BE# Single Read Transaction (single wait state)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 ADDD C BE# Optimized Read Transaction (no wait states)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 AD C BE# Single Write Transaction (no wait states)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 AD C BE# Single Write Transaction (single wait state)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# GNT# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 ADDD C BE# Optimized Write Transaction (no wait states)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# AD C BE# Single Read Transaction with 64bit transfer (no wait states) REQ64# ACK64#

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CLK FRAME# A/D C/BE# IRDY# TRDY# DEVSEL# T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9 AD C BE# Single Write Transaction with 64bit transfer (no wait states) REQ64# ACK64#

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory I/O Cache local bus PCI Bus Controller PCI bus ISA Bus Controller ISA bus I/O PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory I/O Cache North Bridge PCI bus South Bridge ISA bus I/O Chipset 으로 구현 (1 세대 )

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung ChipSet - CPU, Memory, I/O 들이 데이터를 주고받도록 이를 제어하는 기능을 수행하는 대규모 집적회로군의 총칭 - CPU 와 Cache, 시스템 버스 및 주변장치들 사이의 데이타 전송을 중재하는 역할을 수행 North Bridge - CPU, Memory, AGP 나 PCI 에 연결된 카드들 사이의 정보 교환을 담당 South Bridge - USB, ATA 등에 연결된 I/O 기기들 ( 디스크, 프린터, 키보드, 마우스, 오디오 등 ) 와 North Bridge 사이의 정보 교환을 담당

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory Graphic card North Bridge PCI bus South Bridge AGP bus ISA devices PCI devices USB ATA AGP 는 로컬버스이며, PCI 에 그 기술의 기반을 두고 있기는 하지만 방대한 데이터전송 대역폭을 요구하는 비디오 어댑터를 위하여 완전히 독립하여 동작하도록 설계 2 세대 PCI ChipSet

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung - North Bridge 와 South Bridge 를 서로 이어주는 데이터 연결 버스가 보다 넓어지고 빨라졌다는 것이 가장 큰 변화 - North Bridge 와 South Bridge 를 연결 하고 있던 Interface 는 PCI 가 아닌 각 사의 독자적 인터페이스로 변경 인텔의 허브아키텍처 (266MB/s) VIA 의 V-LINK (266MB/s) SIS 의 MuTIOL (1.2GB/s) AMD 의 HyperTransport (800MB/s) - PCI 버스는 South Bridge 의 제어권에 두었다. 3 세대 PCI ChipSet

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung CPU Memory Graphic card North Bridge PCI bus South Bridge AGP bus LAN PCI devices USB ATA High speed interface Keyboard/mouse

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Intel Hub Architecture - North Bridge : MCH (Memory Controller Hub) - South Bridge : ICH (I/O Controller Hub) CPU Memory Graphic card MCH PCI bus ICH AGP bus LAN PCI devices USB ATA High speed interface Keyboard/mouse

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Pentium IV, 400 MHz System Bus (FSB) = 400M X 8 = 3.2GBytes/sec Memory : DDR266 = 266M X 8Bytes/sec = 2.1 GBytes/sec

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung Pentium IV : 533 MHz System Bus (FSB : Front Side Bus) = 533M X 8 = 4.2GBytes/sec Memory : DDR333 = 333M X 8Bytes/sec = 2.7 GBytes/sec

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung

Pentium IV : 800 MHz System Bus (FSB) = 800M X 8 = 6.4 GBytes/sec Memory : DDR400 = 400M X 8Bytes/sec = 3.2 GBytes/sec Dual Channel DDR = 3.2 GBytes/sec X 2 = 6.4 Gbytes/sec

kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~dssung

-DDR500 or PC4000 (peak I/O rate = 500Mbps) - 250MHz 64bit parallel data path - peak data transfer data rate 250M X 2 X 8Bytes = 4.0 GBytes/sec Dual Channel DDR : 8.0 Gbyte/sec - 1G FSB 지원 : 1G X 8Byte