Global: 5/5/2014 I/O: To examine the Middle East in a Cold War perspective. Title Notes for today: The Middle East Key Question: How can we see the rise of Fundamentalist Islam in the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan? Key Terms: Shah of Iran; Ayatollah Khomeini; CCS: 2;5 Homework #2: I chart + Document Questions for Wed. Writing Lab: 3:15 – 4:00 Global MC Review Begins this Saturday: 9:00 – 10:00; 10:00 – 11:00 Do not be late!!!

The Fertile Crescent

World Oil Reserves

Persian Gulf Oil Exports (2003)

Why the Middle East? Oil Rich territory attracted both super powers

Iran: Secular vs. Religious values After WWII Iran ’ s leader Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi embraced the West

Uh-Oh US helped restore the shah to power because they feared Iran would turn to the Soviets for help

Shah and the US United States and the Shah worked together to westernize Iran

Iranian Revolution In 1978 a religious and student led revolution, the Shah was overthrown and Ayatollah Khomeini came to power

Ayatollah Khomeini Leader of religious opposition against the west

Khomeini returns to Iran Khomeini sets up an Islamic state Khomeini despises the United States for supporting the Shah and his secular ways

US Hostages With Ayatollah ’ s blessing Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 60 U.S. Hostages in 1979

Hostages Hostages are held for 444 days President Carter froze assets to Iran, the prisoners were freed under Reagan 1981

Khomeini ’ s Goal Encourage Muslims to overthrow their secular governments This leads to tension between Iran and Iraq

War between Iran and Iraq US gives weapons to Iraq Soviets support Iran

Afghanistan: Communist Regime In the late 1970 ’ s a Muslim revolt threatened the communist rule of Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan in 1979

Soviets thought… Soviets thought they would be in and out but the United States supplied the Afghan rebels who fought the Soviet forces.

Afghanistan cont ’ d U.S. said that the Soviet invasion threatened Middle Eastern oil supplies

Soviets Pack Up Gorbachev withdraws Soviet troops in 1989

Rebel Forces Rebel groups begin fighting with one another over who should gain power.

History of al-Qaeda and Terrorism against the USA “Blo

What is al-Qaeda? Al Qaeda means “the Base.” It is a stateless (meaning without a country) terrorist organization. It is led and financed by Osama bin Laden, a radical Sunni Muslim.

When did al-Qaeda form? The beginnings of al-Qaeda go back to the 1980’s when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

Bin Laden, and the Arab Afghans, fought the Soviet Union in Afghanistan The Soviet army left in 1988.

Desert Storm (Gulf War I) In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded the tiny, oil-rich country of Kuwait

Operation Desert Storm The United States feared Saddam would invade Saudi Arabia too. Iraqi tanks

US and Saudi coalition The United States asked the Saudis for permission to establish military bases in their country.

Saudi’s choice Osama bin Laden, back home from Afghanistan, offered the Saudis the use of his soldiers to fight the Iraqi army because Infidel armies have no place in the holy land of Islam.

Saudis chose the USA and snubbed bin Laden.

1991--Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia for Sudan

Control of Afghanistan

Soviet Union: Not just Russia Eastern European Countries are Called Satellite Countries

Nixon-Ford-Carter-Reagan Détente: Lessen Cold War Tension Reagan ’ s Strategic Defense Initiative

Leonid Brezhnev Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Union had a right to prevent satellite countries from rejecting Communism

Summary What are 3 events that led to the onset of the Cold War? What are three defining moments of the Cold War? How did the Middle East enter the mix of the Cold War?