The New Power Balance A Time of –isms and -ations

Transportation and Innovation Why were railroad so influential? Railroads consumed huge amounts of land and timber for ties and bridges. Throughout the world, railroads opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other human exploitation of natural resources.

Other Innovation Steel Industry Bessemer process Chemical Industry Synthetic dyes Explosives Civil engineering (TNT)

Electrification

Electricity 1870s: New efficient generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity First ‘arc lamps’ Then incandescent lamps, streetcars, subways, and electric motors for industry Alleviated the urban pollution caused by horse-drawn vehicles Created a huge demand for copper (used to harness electricity) Bringing Chile, Montana, and southern Africa more deeply into the world economy

POPULATION and URBANIZATION Reasons for increase: Drop in death rate Higher crop yields Grain from newly opened lands in North America More abundant year-round diet as a result of canning and refrigeration Changes in urban life Mass transportation networks Sewage and water supply Gas and electric lighting Police and fire departments Sanitation and garbage removal Zoning—divided into industrial, commercial and residential zones and w/in residential—different zones for different classes Air quality worsened

European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800 and 1900

The Modernization of Paris, ca

Population Between 1850 and 1914, Europe saw very rapid population growth, while emigration from Europe spurred population growth in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. As a result, the proportion of people of European ancestry in the world’s population rose from one-fifth to one-third. Asians also migrated in large numbers during this period, often as indentured laborers, to areas such as the Caribbean, Brazil, and California.

“Women -ism” “Separate spheres” Popular in Victorian Age ( ) Men at work; women at home Legalized discrimination of women Suffrage Working class women = low status Lives of toil and pain (think of those readings on factory life)

SOCIALISM

NATIONALISM Pre-1871 Language– biggest factor in national identity Re-draw state lines to accommodate linguistic, religious, and cultural differences? Nationalism and Liberalism

UNIFICATION Italy 1860 – 1870 Count Cavour North Pitted France and Austria against one another Garibaldi Unified the South Germany Before: Prussia, Austrian Empire, and other small states Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor Wilhelm I = German monarch (Prussian emperor) Prussia = strong, advanced military Germany gets Alsace & Lorraine = uh oh! (future problems, Germany v. France)

Copyright © McDougal Littell. All Rights Reserved. The Unification of Italy,

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

Garibaldi leading "Red Shirts"

Copyright © McDougal Littell. All Rights Reserved. The Unification of Germany, 'View Show' to play video

Wilhelm Proclaimed Emperor

NATIONALISM Post-1871 Political advantage Oppression of minorities Spencer and use of Darwin’s theories

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Matthew Perry arriving in Japanese harbor 1853 Admiral Perry to Tokugawa Shogunate: “Open your doors to Americans” Large American ships—symbol of – tend to threaten the Japanese

Japanese view of America

Expansion and Modernization of Japan,

MODERNIZATION—JAPAN Meiji Restoration Yamagata Aritomo joined with other provincial leaders to overthrow the Tokugawa Focus on modernized military and industrialization Eyes on China (who is now weak) Took Manchuria in early 1900s Japan now an imperial power

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