 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9, Wireless Communications Technologies: Part 1 Outline 9.1 Introduction 9.2Hardware 9.2.1Handsets Pagers 9.2.3Personal Data Assistants (PDAs) 9.2.4Convergence Devices and Other Wireless Options 9.3Wireless Carriers and Service Providers 9.3.1Mobile-phone Service Providers 9.3.2Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) 9.3.3SMS and Other Messaging Services 9.3.4Wireless Internet and Other Wireless Services

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 9, Wireless Communications Technologies: Part 1 Outline 9.4Wireless Networks 9.4.1Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 9.4.2Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Fixed Wireless 9.5 Radio Frequency, Laser, Infrared and Bluetooth Wireless Technologies 9.5.1Radio Frequency (RF) 9.5.2Laser and Infrared Technologies 9.5.3Bluetooth Wireless Technology 9.6Satellite Communications 9.7Future of Wireless Communications 9.8Internet and World Wide Web Resources

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction Millions of people worldwide use wireless services and devices Wireless communications –Hardware –Wireless carriers –Networks –Satellites

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware Mobile phones, PDAs and laptop computers allow wireless access to the internet from remote locations Outside US, mobile phones are preferred medium for information and e-business transactions

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Handsets Handsets: devices to send/receive voice calls and data messages –Antenna – transmission –Number pad – dialing –Speaker and microphone – voice communications –Operating system – operation –Computer chips – other functions Flip-phones –Compact handsets

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Handsets Cell phone features –Digital and analog signals –Phone books –Caller ID and voic –OEL color display screen –Voice-activated technology: operation through voice commands –Internet access –Manufacturers developing disposable phones and other low- cost alternatives The term handset is used interchangeably with mobile phone, cell phone and wireless phone.

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Handsets Telespree: low-cost no-activation phones –Purchased from drug/grocery store at 1/3 price of regular phones –Once prepaid minutes used: Can replace AirClip cartridge Can buy new phone Telespree works on GSM network –Current phones can send but not receive calls –Access internet and use voice commands for dialing –Handle numbers: allow for phone use without registering wireless service

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Handsets Motorola’s V series™ Phone model 66, Nokia’s 3390 and 5165 series are examples of handsets available on the market. ©2001 Nokia Mobile Phones., ©2001, Motorola, Inc.

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Pagers Pagers were one of first widely used wireless communications methods –Store messages –Alert user of new messages –Show caller ID and message information Rates based on number of messages sent/received and messages stored 3 messaging types –One-way numbering paging: Transfer of numbers only Telephone numbers Some numbers used as codes for messages

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Pagers 3 messaging types (cont’d) –Text-based messaging: receives text and voice mail notification (one-way text messaging) –Two-way interactive communication: send/receive text messages between two individuals RIM’s BlackBerry handheld device: wireless e- mail solutions –Supports both DataTAC and Mobitex data network protocols –In-building and roaming service, messaging and guaranteed reliability – , desktop and server software available – access without dialing into an ISP

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Pagers BlackBerry home page. (Courtesy of Research In Motion Limited. The BlackBerry and RIM families of related marks, images and symbols are the exclusive properties of, and trademarks of Research In Motion Limited, used by permission.)

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) PDA popularity in wireless market growing –Access web, , travel arrangements, directions, reservations, shopping, etc… –Organizers: store information, appointments and personal information –Infrared technology allows information sharing between devices PDA opportunities for businesses and consumers Security and privacy concerns –Access conflicts

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Convergence Devices and other Wireless Options Convergence Devices –Combinations of PDAs, mobile phones, and pagers Smart phones PDAs with add-on modules MP3 phone hybrids Personal communicators –Two distinct trends in development One uses designs for handsets and combines them with PDA information services. The other uses existing PDA designs and adds voice capabilities.

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Carriers Wireless Carriers: companies providing wireless Internet access to mobile devices –Services –Pricing –Network coverage

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Mobile-phone Service Providers Service providers offer “complete” solutions –Voice, messaging, and wireless web options Service Plans –Talk time/air time: amount of time user communicates on phone Peak hours: usually daytime, most expensive, less hours offered Off-peak hours: other times (usually nights and weekends), less expensive, more hours offered

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Cell-phone Service Providers US Operators Sprint, Verizon and AT&T lead in coverage area and market share

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) GoAmerica and Omnisky are main service providers for PDAs in US GoAmerica –Web-browsing and services –Go.web allows viewing entire web pages Omnisky – , stock trading, chatting and web-surfing –Monthly or prepaid plan, no minute restrictions

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved SMS and Other Messaging Services Short Messaging Service (SMS): GSM networks - more popular outside US –Enhanced Message Service (EMS): small images, sounds, animations and text –Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): text, sounds, images, video and multimedia –Future: Advertising M-commerce Location-based services

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved SMS and Other Messaging Services

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Web and Other Wireless Services Carrier services for convergence devices (voice, text and ) –Packages combine all three or offer each individually

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Networks Corporations, businesses and colleges building wireless networks allowing information access anytime from anywhere Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN) –Use wires and cables to connect users to central server –Many companies and residences turning to wireless solutions for area networks Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) –Transmit data through air

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) –Inexpensive wireless internet access in heavily populated areas –Coverage area size of college campus or office complex –WLAN methods of communication Peer-to-peer communications: device communicates directly with another device Access Points: gateways at points in network, allows communication with other servers –No WLAN unifying standard used in 1997, IEEE introduced b in a, e, g and HiperLAN/2 under development

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) WLANs (cont’d) –WLAN spread-spectrum technologies: spread signals over frequencies Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) –Divides spectrum into 14 channels –Information coded into bits, bits make up chips, 64 chips sent in burst Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) –Low cost, allows roaming between different frequencies –Signals hop on 78 patterns over bandwidth, minimizes interference –Wireless Andrew at Carnegie Mellon University WLAN covers CMU campus on b standard Faster than DSL and many other technologies Uses DSSS and requires software installation

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) WLANs (cont’d) –WLAN advantages over wired networks Allows information access from anywhere Easy to move/install Flexible and scalable (shaped and configured) –Starbucks introducing internet access service on WLAN

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Wireless LANs allow users to communicate among buildings on campus. (Courtesy of Patricia Moulder)

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs) –Wireless networks that cover entire cities or states –Use cellular networks and satellites –Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) is one of the most widely used forms of WWANs. Supports data speeds of 19.2Kbps Used by U.S. carriers like Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless –ARDIS (Motorolla) covers 400 largest US metropolitan areas –Transcomm covers 93% of US businesses

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) –Short-range connectivity for small areas –Bluetooth piconets use WPAN –Coverage area typically less than 30 feet in radius –IBM believes in using electrical currents through human body as a form of aWPAN

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Fixed Wireless Fixed Wireless: mobile devices/computers in fixed location connected without wires –Point-to-point transmission: network transmits from central base station to one other point –Point-to-multipoint transmission: from central base to many users –Multipoint-to-multipoint access (mesh): from multiple base stations to multiple users Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) –Point-to-multipoint, two-way super-high frequency signals –Low-powered, 3 mile radius, requires clear line of sight

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Fixed Wireless Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) –Multipoint-to-multipoint –Higher power than LMDS (35-50 miles) –Does not require clear line of sight –Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM – chapter 10)

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Radio Frequency, Laser, Infrared and Bluetooth Wireless Technology Technologies allowing sharing among wireless devices –Radio frequency –Infrared –Laser –Bluetooth

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Radio Frequency (RF) Radio Frequency (RF): communications through radio signals –Phones, broadcasts and networks –Regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Radio Frequency WLAN: networks devices not close together RF WLAN standards –HomeRF In home and small offices Data and voice products networking between printers, PCs, and phones

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Radio Frequency (RF) RF WLAN standards –HomeRF In home and small offices Data and voice products networking between printers, PCs, and phones Uses Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP), FHSS technology –Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) b standard Airports, restaurants and other areas High power consumption and low reliability in high traffic Mice and stereo components use radio frequency technology as well

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Radio Frequency (RF) HomeRF (Courtesy of HomeRF Working Group, Inc. (

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Laser and Infrared Technology Laser technology: connects buildings –Transceivers (towers) on rooftops communicate through signal and link networks Infrared technology: connects devices –Up to 30 feet and needs clear line of sight –More cost-efficient than laser technology –Concern for infrared: slow speeds and new technologies (Bluetooth)

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Bluetooth Bluetooth: radio frequencies –2,200 companies involved in Bluetooth Consortium –Point-to-multipoint and FHSS packet-switching –Can connect multiple devices within a 30 foot radius –Interference problems: on 2.4GHz band with most other WLAN devices Bluetooth allows automatic communication as soon as devices enter coverage area

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Satellite Communications Satellite communications is alternative for wireless networks Satellite system types –Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs) miles above surface: transmit signals quickly Hundreds placed in ring following earth’s curvature: communicate with each other until in range of destination user –Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs) 6,000 to 12,000 miles above surface Require fewer satellite than LEOs Used by government and for weather

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Satellite Communications Satellite system types (cont’d) –Geostationary Orbit Satellites 22,282 miles above surface Replaced less often More transmission delays and distortions Satellites provide voice, data, and location-based services Iridium –Motorolla satellite network for voice, data, fax and location –Used 66 LEO satellites, bankrupt in 1999 and bought in 2001 by Iridium Satellite

 2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved Future of Wireless Communication Wireless service moving toward 3G technologies –Battle over technologies and standards –Provider globalization –Network upgrades to 3G