Výukový materiál EK Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/ Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

 Relations between individuals of one species - intraspecific  Relations between individuals of different species - interspecific

 Competition  Basic relationship  Fight for the life conditions - water, space, light, food  Between individuals of the same species and other species  Among the individuals of one species - a fight for a territory - singers - competition for a selection of a partner - deer fights

 It is often true, that the one who comes the first is the „winner“ - trees – „ Finders keepers“  Plants can compete with each other by means of the roots, they also can use secretions – wormwood, couch. This competition may lead to suppression of other species, or to establish a state of equilibration  Species can exist one next to another => coexistence

 Predation:  Among the species  One body becomes a prey to the other  Predator x pray  Predator – carnivore or herbivore  Carnivore kills the prey, herbivore may not kill the organism  => protective measures  Plants - substances that advise the predator - onion  - spiny outgrowths on the leaves and stems  Animals - colour, smelling feces

 Parasitism:  Organisms sponge on the bodies or the metabolic products of other organisms  A special type of predation  Parasite x host  Real parasite (holoparasite) - heterotrophs  Hemiparasite –autotrophs – only needs minerals from the host - mistletoe

 Ectoparasites (external) x endoparasites (internal)  They feed on the body fluids, tissues, body parts...  Some organisms are parasites only at a certain stage of development  For example. A flea: a larva lives freely and eat organic residues and the adults feed on blood  Endoparasites – Schistosoma haematobium - blood flukes =>cystitis  Ectoparasites – fleas, lice, ticks

 A lot of parasites are pathogens  Especially those feeding on body fluids  In the Middle Ages there were fleas that carried the plague bacteria  Today, for example ticks, which can transmit viruses that cause meningitis and bacteria that are causing Lyme disease

 Symbiosis:  Fixed coexistence of two species  Mutually beneficial co-existence - growing, food, reproduction  Lichen - sponge + green algae  Legume plants + bacteria can bind nitrogen

 Protocooperation :  The relationship between pollinators and plants  Comparatively free link  They feed on plant juices + pollinating plants  Sometimes only one species of an insect can pollinate certain plants

 Cooperation:  Cooperation of individuals  A bird honeyguide feeds on honey and beeswax in most species and it can break even bee nests. Its screaming is heard by baboons or honey badgers and they can take honey from the nest.  Or a bird honeyguide + natives

 What is a hemiparasite?  Why are species in the wild competing?  What is symbiosis?  What are the types of parasites?  What is the coexistence of a sponge with green algae in a lichen?

 BRANIŠ, Martin. Základy ekologie a ochrany životního prostředí: učebnice pro střední školy. 3., aktualiz. vyd. Praha: Informatorium, 2004, 203 s. ISBN