Kingdom Protista

What’s a Protist? Protist, not Protest Protists are: 3 Types: Eukaryotes (cells have nucleus & organelles) Mainly single-celled, but have multicellular also Not a fungus, a plant, or an animal 3 Types: Animal-Like, Plant-Like, & Fungus-Like Protists

Animal-Like Protists Known as PROTOZOANS (first animal) Heterotrophic Get energy from other organisms 4 Types: distinguished by their movement Zooflagellates Sarcodines Ciliates Sporozoans

Zooflagellates Move by using FLAGELLA Have one or two flagella Absorb food through cell membrane from dead organisms Live in streams or lakes Reproduce Asexually by mitosis or Sexually by meiosis

Sarcodines Move with PSEUDOPODS Also use PSEUDOPODS for feeding These are cytoplasmic extensions Also use PSEUDOPODS for feeding They surround food with membrane making a food vacoule Examples: Amoebas, Foraminiferans, & Heliozoans

Ciliates Use CILIA for feeding and movement Instead of having only 1 or 2, they have many cilias Use cilia to move food into gullet and make food vacoule Reproduce their mitosis Also go through conjugation to pass genes (just like some bacteria) Example: Paramecium

Sporozoans Unique because they don’t move freely PARASITIC – live in host Reproduce through SPOROZOITES Sporozoites attach to a host cell and penetrate it to live in it

Protozoans & Diseases Malaria African Sleeping Sickness Caused by sporozoan Plasmodium Passed on by mosquitoes African Sleeping Sickness Caused by zooflagellate Trypanosoma Transmitted by bite of the tsetse fly Effects nervous system; fall into fatal sleep Amebic Dysentary Caused by amoeba Entamoeba

Part 2

Plant-Like Protists – Unicellular Unicellular ALGAE Why plant-like? Because contain pigments & photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll & accessory pigments 4 Types: 1) Euglenophytes 3) Diatoms 2) Chrysophytes 4) Dinoflagellates

Euglenophytes Have 2 flagella Have chloroplast & chlorophyll Unlike plants = no cell wall For protection instead have Pellicle Have EYESPOT = cluster of red pigments to help find sunlight Reproduce asexually by Binary Fission

Chrysophytes Name means “Golden Plants” Yellow-Green Algae Cell wall contains pectin & cellulose Store food as oil, not starch (like plants) Reproduce asexually & sexually

Diatoms Most abundant organism Cell walls made of silicon (Si) Silicon is the main component of glass Look like two petri-dishes on each other When they die, make Diatomaceous Earth

Dinoflagellates ½ are Photosynthetic & ½ are Heterotrophic Have 2 flagella that wrap around body Cell wall made of Cellulose (like plants) Reproduce asexually (Binary Fission)

Plant-Like Protists – Multicellular Multicellular ALGAE 1) Green Algae 2) Red Algae 3) Brown Algae Biggest Difference is their Pigments

Green Algae Extremely similar to plants: Have chlorophyll a and b Cell walls of cellulose Stores food as starch Can be unicellular, colonial, & multicellular

Brown Algae General Structure: Contains chlorophyll a and c Also contains fucoxanthin (brown pigment) Largest known algae, Giant Kelp

Red Algae Have chlorophyll a & phycobilins (red pigment) Good at making energy, so grow in deep water Important to coral reefs

Reproduction in Algae Many life cycles have two generations: Haploid (n) = Spores & Gametes Diploid (2n) = Sporophyte & Zygote

Human Uses of Algae Major Food Source 1) Sushi Dried & used as a wrap (Porphira – red algae) Also used for salad (Green algae) 2) Ice cream, Cheese, Syrups, Puddings Algin – Brown Algae Carrageenan – Red Algae Industrial Uses Algin used for paint, rubber, cosmetics Pigments also used for medicine & pharmaceuticals

Part 3

Fungus-Like Protists Like fungus, these are Heterotrophs Absorb nutrients from dead organisms Key role = recycle organic material Unlike true fungus: Have centrioles Don’t have chitin cell walls 2 Types: 1) Slime Molds & 2) Water Molds

Slime Molds Two Groups: Cellular Slime Molds Acellular Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds & Acellular Slime Molds (seperated by cell membrane) (cells fuse to form 1 with many nuclei) Cellular Slime Molds Free Living, but release chemicals to attract individuals Form colonies Reproduce by Fruiting Body that releases spores Acellular Slime Molds Single cells fuse together to form PLASMODIA Fruiting bodies spring up and release spores with flagella

Water Molds Thrive on dead or decaying organisms Some live on land as plant parasites Produce HYPHAE: Many cells together Cell walls made of cellulose Produce spores that are motile Reproduce both asexually & sexually Antheridium = produces male nuclei Oogonium = produces female nuclei