FOCUS ON SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, TR , TAFT AND WW IMPERIALISM 1890’S-1900’S FOCUS ON SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, TR , TAFT AND WW

KEY INFLUENCES 1-Missionaries Rev. Josiah Strong— “Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Present Crisis”—missionary work American Missionaries In China, 1905

Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden Hierarchy of Race

Commercial/Business Interests US Foreign Investments 1869-1908

American Frontier-Closed Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis--

Alfred Mahan-”Influence of Sea Power”

PROBLEMS IN CUBA 1895-REVOLT VS. SPANISH GOV’T “SCORCHED EARTH” POLICY BUTCHER WEYLER— Reconcentration Camps

Yellow Journalism Pulitzer & Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

Feb. 9th 1898 De Lome Letter Private letter by Spanish Ambassador to US McKinley is “weak” **popular opinion=war **business---no war

Teddy Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

THE US INVOLVED IN CUBA USS Maine sent to evacuate Americans out of Havana -Feb. 15th 1898---Maine blew up in Havana Harbor blame???

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funerals for Victims

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR Spain orders warships to Cuba Admiral Cervera—blockaded by American fleet in Santiago harbor US forces unprepared—malaria, yellow fever & typhoid; food & clothes Disorganized Fighting El Caney—July 1st San Juan Hill Spanish troops outnumbered and outgunned August 12, 1898---armistice—5000 die of disease only 400 men die from war injuries

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” (John Hay-Sec. of State)

Rough Riders

To The Victor Go The Spoils! US takes Philippines

Dewey captures Manila!

PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1-ADMIRAL DEWEY IN HONG KONG TOLD TO TAKE PHIL IF US DECLARES WAR ON SPAIN 2-MAY 1898—DEWEY DESTROYS SPANISH FLEET 3-AUGUST 1898-MANILA SURRENDERS

Emilio Aguinaldo-Freedom Fighter Philippine Independence-1946

US “Sphere of Influence”

Treaty of Paris, 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

KEY ACTS 1-TELLER AMENDMENT WITHDRAW BY 1902—give Cubans freedom after the war 2-PLATT AMENDMENT 1901 US CAN INTERVENE CUBA DEVELOPS CONSTITUTION NAVAL BASE

ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, WJ Bryan Dislike imperialism; conflict Argument Too much despotism (colonialism) Vs Trade/Profits/Natural resources

Journal: Should the Constitution follow the flag?

TR AS PRESIDENT 1-PANAMA CANAL 1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed. 1903  Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty

TR “Encourages” a Panamian Revolution Prevents Columbian forces entering area Pushes for independence

Panama Canal TR in Panama Construction starts in 1904

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

“Speak Softly But Carry a Big Stick”

Constable of the World

TR continued *continued occupation of Philippines After (US-Phil War 1899+) Aguinaldo fought US 4-Russo-Japanese War 1904 Portsmouth Treaty Nobel Peace Prize For TR

Yellow Peril Problems in California Gentlemen’s Agreement Root-Takihira Agreement

Great White Fleet 1907 End of TR’s Presidency . . . . .

JOURNAL: What is TR’s Legacy? Does he belong on Mt. Rushmore?

Taft as President “Dollar Diplomacy” 1-Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. 2-Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. 3- the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

Wilson as President “Moral Diplomacy” *The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. *Spread democracy. *Promote peace. *Condemn colonialism

1st Actions of Wilson 1-repeal Panama Canal Tolls Act 2-Jones Act 1916 3- Haiti Civil War 1915 4-Problems in Dom. Republic 5-US buys Virgin Islands from Denmark 1917

Mexican Revolution 1910 Huerta seizes control of Mexico Should US send troops to protect US Business? Carranza, Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz Problems with US sailors in Tampico 1914 Carranza would gain power in Mexico after Huerta’s gov’t collapses Wilson sends Gen. Pershing to fight Villa as he attacks along US/Mexican Border

Zapata Pancho Villa

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s