Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Integration Scott Peterson -volt-concept-1/121574/

Suggested for Regulation Spinning Reserves Non-spinning reserves Storage 2

Interesting because Potentially huge amounts of storage available for the first time No ramp rate (effectively instantaneous) Could lower emissions Could allow greater percentage of non- dispatchable renewables to be integrated 3

Potential Problems Have to convince owners Battery degradation Loss of warranty coverage Infrastructure 4

Storage Capacity How many vehicles are parked? 5

Storage Capacity Lower bound – 4kWh and 60% available – >0.5 kWh per PHEV available (125 GWh for fleet) Higher bound (24 kWh 90% available) – 4.3kWh per PHEV available (>1TWh for fleet) Neither includes cars being driven 6

Storage Capacity (weekday) Cars that are driven can contribute Possible amount depends on charging strategy Probable amount depends on user behavior 7

New load compared to capacity stored (weekday) 8 8

New load compared to capacity stored (weekend) 9 9

Potential Problems: Cost Battery degradation 10 Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Degradation Resulting from Realistic Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Utilization," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2385–2392.

Potential Problems: Cost Battery degradation cost Dependent on replacement cost 11

Energy Arbitrage Possible, but unlikely 12 PJM Profitable days in year Peterson, S.B., Whitacre, J.F., and Apt, J., 2010, "The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage," Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp. 2377–2384

Potential Problems: Loss of Warranty Why would auto manufacturers risk V2G? If they act as arbitrage agent and skim profits then it is possible, but is that what we want? An analogue to a mileage warranty for a battery should be based on Wh processed or a similar metric (magnuson-moss warranty act) 13

Low hanging fruit If excess wind is being spilt it is possible that PHEVs could help avoid this (as long as congestion is not cause) Charging intelligently, if the battery is charged only then there is not a degradation cost being borne, nor warranty implications. V2G may not work now, but G2V will. 14

What needs to happen Communication – possibility is built into J1772 – Future standards will expand on this Consumer acceptance – start with smarter charging – expand to other areas (backup power) Warranty issues most likely need policy changes 15