Unit 2B: Biology of Mind

Objective 8: Explain the functions of the motor & sensory cortex & association area. Lobes  Frontal lobes Frontal lobes  motor area & speaking  planning, judgment / morality  Parietal lobes Parietal lobes  sensory input for touch & body position  Occipital lobes Occipital lobes  vision  Temporal lobes Temporal lobes  hearing

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cerebral cortex: information processing center Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Corpus Callosum Thalamus Pons Cerbellum Medulla Brainstem Brain Stem = cross wiring left hemi controls right body Objective 7: Explain the functions of the old brain & limbic system.

Brainstem  oldest; beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; automatic survival functions  Medulla Medulla  Base of brain; heartbeat & breathing  Pons  Coordinate movements

The Thalamus (midbrain) Thalamus  sensory switchboard  All the senses EXCEPT smell go through here

The Cerebellum (midbrain) Cerebellum  “Little brain”  discriminate sound & texture  judge time  movement  memory of movement=muscle memory

The Limbic System(midbrain) Limbic System  hippocampus (#11)  memory  amygdala (#8)  fear & aggression  hypothalamus (#5)  controls eating, and other hormonal drives – sex, thirst, etc… reward centers emotions & drives

Objective 8: Explain the functions of the motor & sensory cortex & association area. Lobes  Frontal lobes Frontal lobes  motor area & speaking  planning, judgment / morality  Parietal lobes Parietal lobes  sensory input for touch & body position  Occipital lobes Occipital lobes  vision  Temporal lobes Temporal lobes  hearing

Move RIGHT hand in circular motion as if polishing the desk. Now start your RIGHT foot doing the same, synchronizing with the hand. Now reverse the foot motion but not the hand. Now try moving LEFT foot opposite the right hand.

Functions of the Cortex Motor Functions Motor Cortex Penfield & Foerster mapped motor cortex  precise movements occupy greatest cortical space

What might happen if we implanted a device to detect motor activity? Could such a device cause a robotic limb to move for a paralyzed person? Man & Robotic Arm Monkey Controls Robotic arm w/ brain Neural Prosthetics

Functions of the Cortex Sensory Functions Sensory cortex  The more sensitive a body region, the larger the sensory cortex devoted to it

Association Areas Area of cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions, such as speaking, thinking, learning & remembering  Electronically probing these areas WILL NOT trigger any observable response  Found in all four lobes  Judgment, planning, processing new memories

Phineas Gage Association areas  areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.  Frontal lobes  Phineas Gage  Parietal lobes (math/spatial reasoning)  Temporal lobes (facial recognition) =c6kRP41ygrI Homework

Objective 9: Explain how the brain processes language.

Objective 10: Explain how a damaged brain reorganize itself? Brain Damage Plasticity  the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. Constraint-induced therapy Neurogenesis  The formation of new neurons

Language

Aphasia  impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area.  Broca’s area (muscle movement involved in speech) Broca’s area  Wernicke’s area (language comprehension & expression) Wernicke’s area Broca’s: disrupts speaking Angular Gyrus: Can speak & understand but can’t read teat Wernicke’s: speak meaningless words & disrupts understanding

Sarah Scott Broca’s Patient Sarah Scott Broca’s Patient Update (4 yrs later) Wake Surgery - Tumor Wernicke’s Aphasia

Point to remember… Mind’s subsytems are localized in particular brain regions, yet the brain acts as a unified whole Specialization & Integration

Our Divided Brain Objective 6: What do split brains reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres?

Splitting the Brain Vogel and Bogen  Corpus-callosum Corpus-callosum  Split brain Split brain  Myers and Gazzaniga

Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain Right face seems happier because the RH, which is skilled in emotional processing, receives information the LVF (left side of each face)

Left Right language  sign language calculations literal perceptual task inferences insight meaning  “What’s that in the road ahead?”  “Whats that in the road, a head?” sense of self faces Right-Left Brain Differences