Summer Meeting – 2012 Diesel Emissions (Tier 4) Scott Weyant Chris Knipfer John Hale Chris Vernon

Summer Meeting – Agenda Emissions History Emissions Technology Overview Training and Maintenance

Summer Meeting – 2012 Non-Road equipment evolves to meet tiered emission standards, with Tier 4 being the final step in this process Tier 4 – Where does it come from?

Summer Meeting – 2012 Tier 4 - What is the focus? Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) Particulate Matter (PM)

Summer Meeting – 2012 Tier 4 – Is it the same for every piece of equipment? As engine hp increases, the regulations of each tier become more stringent (in general) Tier Stringency

Summer Meeting – 2012 Regulatory Challenges: – Near-zero targets – NOx and PM are inversely related – Standards vary by power rating and geographic area Emission Reductions by Tier Phased in by HP Ranges: hp: 1/1/ – 750 hp: 1/1/11 >750 hp: 1/1/11 (Tier 2)

Summer Meeting – 2012

Tier 4 – Clean Diesel Technologies

Summer Meeting – 2012 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Oxidizes pollutants as exhaust flows through component Facilitates passive regeneration (ongoing removal of soot) Requires no maintenance Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF ) Traps particulate matter (soot & ash) Soot removed through regeneration process Ash removed during maintenance Regeneration Systems Remove soot from DPF Dosing Systems –Utilizes diesel fuel across DOC to generate heat Burner Systems –Combustion Chamber –Electric Heating Element NOx Reduction Systems Cooled EGR Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Fuel Systems Wall-flow Design After Treatment Technologies

Summer Meeting – 2012 DPF - Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temps –Passive vs. Active Regeneration Active Regeneration System Complexities –Dosing Systems –Burner Systems –Working vs. Idle Regeneration Considerations: Non-OEM packaging and systems integration –Small compact machines (mini-hex, MTL/CTL) Heat rejection during or immediately following regen –Delayed engine shutdown systems Regeneration after turbo/injector failure –Oil/fuel soaked DPF + Elevated Exhaust Temps

Summer Meeting – 2012 DPF – Packaging Constraints

Summer Meeting – 2012 Application considerations with Active DPF regeneration systems: DPF - Regeneration Considerations

Summer Meeting – 2012 Fuel System Technology Common Rail Fuel Systems Increased injection pressures > 30,000 PSI Re-introduction of hard steel lines on engine Some components not re-usable Considerations: NO Cracking Fuel Lines during Hard Starting Bleed-Off Time after shutdown More pieces/components to remove for repair

Summer Meeting – 2012 NOx After-Treatment Technology Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Additional components for injection into exhaust Urea based Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Typically injected post – DPF Considerations: On board storage of DEF –Tank sizing and location Temperature Management of fluid Bulk availability of DEF

Summer Meeting – 2012 Training

Summer Meeting – 2012 Operator Training Operators and Foreman –No longer ‘just new engines’ in the machines –Daily Walk-Around Inspections ( Simple, easy to understand, non-instructor oriented –Symbols / Lights –Systems Operation –Reactions Minimize Impacts to Productivity and Safety –Rear Vision Camera Systems

Summer Meeting – 2012 Lamp / Switch Strategy DPF Regen Lamp - Engine emissions system temps high or outside normal limits DPF Lamp - DPF requires regeneration DPF Regen Disable - Inhibits Active regeneration DPF Soot Load - DPF soot level indicator (if equipped) Manual Regen Switch - Force or Disable active regeneration (if equipped) 0% DPF - Regeneration Symbols

Summer Meeting – 2012 Dealer/Customer - Technician Training New Hardware and Technologies New Fault Codes and Troubleshooting –More complex systems and integration Emissions Warranty Repairs Machine Application / System Operation –Light Load, Heavy Transient Work –Regeneration Settings Non-OEM Training –Application and Installations –Operator Interface Tie-Ins

Summer Meeting – 2012 Tier 4 - Maintenance

Summer Meeting – 2012 Ash in The Diesel Particulate Filter Oxidized lube oil additives Cleaning Process requires removal EPA: 4500 hr minimum cleaning interval Multiple cleaning methods available Stationary tool Centralized Exchange Mobile tool Issues: Ash Material Capture and Disposal –Dispose according to local regulations Weight of components during removal/installation –Crane accessible engine compartments Installation of non-authorized component(s) DPF Maintenance

Summer Meeting – 2012 Crankcase Ventilation Filter Removes oil from crankcase fumes Drains oil back into crankcase Additional service point on engine Issues: Additional Filter Disposal Oil Temperatures Low pressure system Crankcase Ventilation Filters

Summer Meeting – 2012 Critical - Fuel / Oil Requirements ULSD required for Tier 4 Interim product 2010 in U.S.: 15 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur content (currently up to 500 ppm (mg/kg)) Enables engine and aftertreatment performance/durability Violates EPA regulations if not used ULSD generally not available in LRC regions ECF-3 API CJ-4 oil required: Oil additives formulated to reduce ash deposit Reduced sulfated ash, phosphorous, and sulfur To maintain DPF performance and cleaning cycles Biodiesel up to B20, when blended with ULSD Fuel additives: May not exceed 15 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur, OR May not exceed 1% by volume of the resulting fuel/additive mixture EPA (required) Fuel inlet label EU Fuel inlet label On/Near Oil Inlet

Summer Meeting – 2012