Civil Rights – A Time Line Chapter 29

Vocabulary De facto discrimination – cultural/societal discrimination De facto discrimination – cultural/societal discrimination De jure discrimination – legalized/codified discrimination De jure discrimination – legalized/codified discrimination Affirmative Action Affirmative Action Jim Crow Laws – Legalized segregation Jim Crow Laws – Legalized segregation

Civil Rights 14 th Amendment – Equal protection (1868) 14 th Amendment – Equal protection (1868) 15 th Amendment – guaranteed the right to vote (1870) 15 th Amendment – guaranteed the right to vote (1870) Supreme Court Decision Plessy vs. Ferguson – “separate but equal” (1896) Supreme Court Decision Plessy vs. Ferguson – “separate but equal” (1896) Brown v. Board of Education (1954 Brown v. Board of Education (1954

Morgan v. Virginia (1946) Ruled unconstitutional segregated seating on interstate buses Ruled unconstitutional segregated seating on interstate buses

Modern Civil Rights Movement 1954 – – 1965 “Legal” phase “Legal” phase eliminate Jim Crow laws eliminate Jim Crow laws Focused on the South Focused on the South Optimistic Period Optimistic Period Whites and Blacks working together Whites and Blacks working together Strong Organization Strong Organization Non-violence Non-violence Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience

Organizations NAACP – legal issues NAACP – legal issues National Urban League – focused on people moving to the cities National Urban League – focused on people moving to the cities CORE – change through peaceful confrontation CORE – change through peaceful confrontation SCLC – non-violent protests SCLC – non-violent protests SNCC – non violence – young people SNCC – non violence – young people

Brown v Board of Education 1954 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Separate is by its nature unequal Separate is by its nature unequal Social consequences Social consequences Economic consequences – 10x as much spent educating a white child as a black child Economic consequences – 10x as much spent educating a white child as a black child Strong resistance in the South Strong resistance in the South Southern Manifesto “resist by all lawful means” Southern Manifesto “resist by all lawful means”

“Little Rock Nine” (1957) Attempt to desegregate Central High Attempt to desegregate Central High Political motivations Political motivations Federal government intervenes Federal government intervenes Focused attention on issues of desegregation Focused attention on issues of desegregation

Southern Resistance

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Segregated Buses Segregated Buses Rosa Parks Rosa Parks 381 Days 381 Days 1956 Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation 1956 Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

James Meredith and University of Mississippi US Marshall’s escort James Meredith into the University of Mississippi US Marshall’s escort James Meredith into the University of Mississippi

Freedom Rides (1961) Force enforcement of bus desegregation ruling Force enforcement of bus desegregation ruling Resulted in tremendous violence Resulted in tremendous violence Federal Government responded Federal Government responded Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Commerce Commission

March on Washington August 1963

Civil Rights 1964 Civil Rights Act 1964 Civil Rights Act 1964 Banned different voter registration standards Banned different voter registration standards Prohibited discrimination in all public accommodations Prohibited discrimination in all public accommodations Withheld federal funds from programs that discriminated Withheld federal funds from programs that discriminated Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin Created the EEOC Created the EEOC 24 th Amendment 24 th Amendment Ends the poll tax Ends the poll tax

Freedom Summer (1964) Voter Registration Drive Voter Registration Drive Encountered violent opposition Encountered violent opposition Mississippi Burning (64) Mississippi Burning (64)

Voting Rights Legislation Voting Rights Act (1965) Voting Rights Act (1965) Eliminated literacy tests Eliminated literacy tests Voter registration by federal officials Voter registration by federal officials Registered African- Americans Registered African- Americans 1964 – 10% 1964 – 10% 1968 – 60% 1968 – 60%

From Brown to Black Power Civil Rights Timeline Part II

Civil Rights Movement Movement becomes militant Movement becomes militant Slow progress Slow progress Focused on the North Focused on the North De facto segregation De facto segregation Economic opportunity Economic opportunity Black Power/Black Pride Black Power/Black Pride Black nationalism Black nationalism Separatism Separatism

Division w/in the African-American community Division w/in the African-American community Militancy v. non-violence Militancy v. non-violence Division bet. African-Americans and Whites Division bet. African-Americans and Whites

Civil Rights Movement Black Panther Party (BPP) Black Panther Party (BPP) Huey Newton/Bobby Seale Huey Newton/Bobby Seale Closed membership Closed membership Self-defense Self-defense Philosophy became Marxist Philosophy became Marxist Est. community based programs Est. community based programs

Civil Rights Movement Nation of Islam Nation of Islam Black Pride Black Pride Separatist in nature Separatist in nature Malcolm X Malcolm X

Civil Rights Movement Watts, Los Angeles (1965) (Video) Watts, Los Angeles (1965) (Video)(Video) Not the worst city for African-Americans Not the worst city for African-Americans Thirty-four killed Thirty-four killed nine hundred injured nine hundred injured property losses of $225 million. property losses of $225 million. Federal troops stop the violence. Federal troops stop the violence. “Hot Summer” “Hot Summer” cities experience race riots 40 cities experience race riots

Civil Rights Movement Kerner Commission 1968 Kerner Commission 1968 White racism White racism Separate and unequal Separate and unequal Sweeping economic program Sweeping economic program unrealized unrealized