Material Resources How they are Obtained and Processed Chp 14 and 15

Vocabulary: Genetic Materials Minerals Ores Chemical processes Core Electrochemical processes Float glass Mechanical processes Pig iron Primary processing Separation Smelting Steel Thermal processes Blast furnace Charging Billets Blooms Galvanized Steel Tin Plate Float Glass Lehr

Three types of natural resources can become the inputs to production systems:

Genetic Materials – The major challenge to obtaining genetic material is to harvest the plant or animal at the proper stage of growth. We obtain genetic materials through three activities: Farming, fishing, and forestry. Grains, vegetable fibers, and animals or fish are the more commonly used genetic materials. All genetic materials go through birth or germination, maturity, and death.

Fossil Fuel Materials The three fossil fuel resources are: Petroleum. Used to make liquids and gases like gasoline, propane, and plastic resins. Natural gas. Used as fuel for homes, to make plastics, chemicals, and fertilizers. Coal. Used as an energy and heating source. Three types of coal: Lignite coal is pressed peat and used in electrical generating plants. Bituminous coal is used for power generation and heating or coal gasification. Anthracite coal burns without smoke and is used for heating and steel making. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Minerals – There are three techniques used to obtain minerals: Evaporation, Open Pit, Fluid Minerals can be grouped into four different families based on their similar economic values: Ores –have metal chemically combined with other elements Nonmetallic minerals-do not have metallic qualities - sulfur Ceramic minerals-fine-grained minerals – formable when wet – become hard when dried Gems-cut and polished stones © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Processing Resources Smelting is part of changing iron into steel. Other thermal processes are used to make glass and cement. The melting of the products causes chemical reactions that change the products into new ones. Change natural resources in various ways: Compression Shearing Run over screens and sorted by size Used to produce synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other valuable products. -The process of making aluminum is both chemical and electrochemical. The first stage chemically transforms BAUXITY into ALUMINA. -The alumina is then converted into pure aluminum by electric currents.

Wood Processing Two processes used to change wood: Cutting or shearing the wood into new shapes to make lumber, plywood, and particleboard. Chemical actions separate the cellulose fibers to make hardboard, cardboard, and paper. Two types of lumber produced: softwood and hardwood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Producing Plywood Plywood is more stable than lumber. It is made of cross-grained layers: two faces, two crossbands, and one core. Three types of core: Veneer core plywood Lumber Core -usually used for cabinetwork and furniture. Particle Board Core © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Calculating Board Feet BOARD FEET: "Board Feet" is a measurement of lumber volume. A board foot is equal to 144 cubic inches of wood. Actually it's easy to calculate using the following formula: (Thickness x Width x Length) / 144 = Board Feet Note: Lumber is specified by its rough size. This is why a 1"x 4" board is actually 3/4" thick and a 2"x 4" board is actually 1-1/2" thick. When you are figuring up board feet, keep in mind a waste factor. If you purchase good clear material add about 15% for waste, if you elect to use lower grade material you will have to allow for defects and more wasted material -add about 30%. Take a few boards and run the measurements and you will see how easy this works.

PRODUCING STEEL 3 Steps for Production- 1.Iron smelting - produces Pig Iron (a crude iron) which results from thermal and chemical reactions that occur in a blast furnace (Uses a continuous process with pig iron and other raw materials added every so often). 2.Steel Making- Basic oxygen furnace – 3 steps: charging, refining, tapping 3. Steel Finishing – Molten Steel is formed into sheets, plates, rods, beams, and bars. PRODUCING STEEL Steel is an alloy – manganese's Silicon Nickel Chromium Tungsten molybedenum (increases hardness) Tungsten (increases thermal resistance)

Steel Terms Billets – square, long piece of steel used to produce bars and rods Blooms – short, rectangular pieces used to produce structural shapes and rails Galvanized Steel – zinc coated for automobile parts like fenders Tin Plate – tin coated steel for food cans

Making of Glass-show video

Producing Glass Process for making glass: Ingredients are mixed and weighed Moved into a melting furnace – 2880 ° F Secondary Manufacturing Processes – jars, bottles, dishes, glasses, cookware using casting and forming Producing Glass Comprised of: 1. Silica (sand) 2. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) 3. Lime (from limestone)

GLASS TERMS Float Glass – a primary manufacturing output used for windows. Formed by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin Lehr – the name of the oven float glass moves to where temperatures are brought down.

Making of Glass-show video

Producing Glass Bottles

Producing (Refining) Petroleum Components of petroleum: large number of different hydrocarbons Processed using thermal actions. Refining – process used to separate hydrocarbons 3 processes: Separation- uses fractional distillation to separate hydrocarbons Conversion-changes the various hydrocarbon molecules into different sizes Treating – adding or removing chemicals to change the properties

Chemical and Electrochemical Processes Produces: Synthetic fibers Pharmaceuticals Plastics Aluminum First stage is the aluminum ore - bauxite