1. Metals & Minerals IAFNR MODULE 4 NATURAL RESOURCES

2. Metals Image retrieved from: http://bibliotecanacionalge.org/the-impressive-history-of-thompson-metal-fab/http://bibliotecanacionalge.org/the-impressive-history-of-thompson-metal-fab/

3. Ferrous Metals Metals containing iron Iron Ore is primary Ferrous Metal Most Common, makes up 5% of earth’s crust Varieties of Iron Ore Most valuable- Hematite, Magnetite, Limonite and Siderite Low grade ore- Taconite High grade ores contain 60% metallic iron and low grades contain 40% or less Ferroalloys Compounds to add various properties to steel Includes, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickle, Tungsten, and vanadium Image retrieved from: http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/hardware/fastener-materialshttp://www.thomasnet.com/articles/hardware/fastener-materials

4. Iron Ore Processing When Iron Ore is processed, steel is made Bessemer Process –Cheaper, more practical production of steel by forcing a blast of air through cast iron to remove impurities After Iron Ore deposits are discovered and obtained –The ore is sent to a mill where it is separated from the rock-a process called concentrating or benefication –Smelting or melting the iron ore to remove impurities is the next step –Molten iron is then poured into molds to form bars called “pig iron” and then shipped to manufacturing plants

5. Nonferrous Metals Gained importance in recent years and include: Copper Aluminum Lead Zinc Tin Mercury Image retrieved from: http://alphametalsrecycle.com/what-we-buy/non-ferrous-metals/

6. Copper Signature for its red color Highly ductile and malleable –Meaning it can be drawn out, hammered thin and shaped easily Noncorrosive Uses –Tools, weapons, kitchen utensils, coins, screens, piping –Combined with other metals for added qualities Copper + Tin = Bronze Copper + Zinc = Brass Image retrieved from: http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/chemistry/atoms/copper. htm http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/chemistry/atoms/copper. htm Did you know that since 1982 the composition of a penny is 97.5% Zinc and 2.5% Copper?

7. Aluminum One of most common metals on earth –Accounts for about 1/7 th of Earth’s Core Characteristics: easily available, lightweight, heat reflective, corrosion resistant, and electrical conductor Bauxite: Ore which aluminum is found in Uses: cars, solar units, cans Recycling is VERY important –Its only takes 5% of the energy needed to produce aluminum to recycle it Image retrieved from: http://www.glogster.com/nmcdonald393/aluminum-cans-1212/g- 6mohch9f21g3lderquttva0 http://www.glogster.com/nmcdonald393/aluminum-cans-1212/g- 6mohch9f21g3lderquttva0

8. Lead Found mainly west of the Mississippi River Almost 1/2 of all lead comes from St. Louis Missouri Uses: batteries, metal, building construction Zinc Estimate 12 million tons of zinc reserves in US Uses: Kitchen utensils, vacuum cleaners, washing machines Image retrieved from: http://skincare.lovetoknow.com/Removal_of_Pencil_L ead_from_the_Skin http://skincare.lovetoknow.com/Removal_of_Pencil_L ead_from_the_Skin Image retrieved from: http://gizmodo.com/5952938/everythi ng-you-need-to-know-about-batteries http://gizmodo.com/5952938/everythi ng-you-need-to-know-about-batteries

9. Tin Usually combined with copper to make Bronze Most U.S. Tin supply located in Alaska, Colorado, and Texas Mercury Only metal stable in a liquid state Uses: electrical equipment, special paints, and industrial chemicals Image retrieved from: http://investorintel.com/technolo gy-metals-intel/banging-tin-can- north-americas-tin- vulnerability/ http://investorintel.com/technolo gy-metals-intel/banging-tin-can- north-americas-tin- vulnerability/ Image retrieved from: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/250843 http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/250843

10. Plant Minerals N-Nitrogen P-Phosphorus K-Potassium Image retrieved from: http://www.gardenswag.com/2012/01/understanding-soil- nutrients-the-macronutrients-nitrogen-phosphorus-and-potassium-n-p-and-k/http://www.gardenswag.com/2012/01/understanding-soil- nutrients-the-macronutrients-nitrogen-phosphorus-and-potassium-n-p-and-k/

11. Nitrogen Most of our air is composed o Nitrogen –The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen deposits in the Earth’s surface –Mostly in South America Used in the production of explosives and plant fertilizers Image retrieved from: http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/in-soil-we-trust http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/in-soil-we-trust

12. Phosphorus Found in nature in the form of phosphate rock U.S. is considered to be leader in supply of phosphate rock –Major producing states: Florida, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina. Most of the rock is channeled toward agricultural fertilizer use Potassium Considered a basic crop nutrient and is applied frequently to land Makes up over 2% of earth’s surface Naturally occurs in forms of salts in beds similar to coal U.S. has about 330 million tons

13. References Camp, W., & Heath-Camp, B. (2009) Managing our Natural Resources. New York: Delmar.