1. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology By R. Thomas Wright The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois www.g-w.com PowerPoint Presentations for

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Applying Technology: Producing Products and Structures Section 5

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 15 Processing Resources

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Objectives List the types of primary processes. Identify materials that result from mechanical processing. Describe characteristics of materials resulting from mechanical processing. Identify materials that result from thermal processing.

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Objectives Describe characteristics of materials resulting from thermal processing. Identify materials that result from chemical and electrochemical processing. Describe characteristics of materials resulting from chemical and electrochemical processing.

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Primary Processing Primary processingPrimary processing processes can be grouped by the type of energy used.

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mechanical Processes Mechanical processes can change natural resources in various ways.Mechanical processes –Through compression, resources’ size and texture can be modified. –Using shearing to cut and fracture resources is done through mechanical processes. –Material can be run over screens and sorted by size, as well.

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood Processing There are two processes used to change wood: –Cutting or shearing the wood into new shapes to make lumber, plywood, and particleboard. –Chemical actions separate the cellulose fibers to make hardboard, cardboard, and paper. For more information on wood

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Producing Lumber There are two types of lumber produced: softwood lumber and hardwood lumber. lumber softwood lumberhardwood lumber Softwood lumber is produced in a few basic steps: –It is cut to a standard length, debarked, cut into boards and cants at the head rig. The cant is cut into thin boards at a resaw, then cut to standard widths at an edger saw, and then cut again at a trim saw. Then, it is dried and shipped.cantshead rigresawedger saw trim saw

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Producing Plywood Plywood is more stable than lumber. It is made of cross- grained layers: two faces, two crossbands, and one core. faces crossbandscore There are three types of core that are used.

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Plywood Cores A veneer is used to make veneer core plywood.veneerveneer core plywood Lumber core plywood is usually used for cabinetwork and furniture.Lumber core plywood Another type is particleboard core plywood. particleboard core plywood

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Can you think of some common uses of plywood? Ask HowstuffworksHowstuffworks

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Thermal Processes Smelting, a thermal process, is part of changing iron into steel.Smeltingthermal processsteel Other thermal processes are used to make glass and cement. The melting of the products causes chemical reactions that change the products into new ones. (American Iron and Steel Institute)

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Producing Steel Three steps to producing steel: –Iron smelting uses a blast furnace and a mixture of iron ore, coke, and limestone to produce pig iron.blast furnacepig iron –An oxygen furnace, through charging, refining, and tapping a mixture of pig iron, scrap steel, flux, and pure oxygen, makes a steel melt.chargingrefiningtapping –The melt is poured into ingots or continuous casters to make slabs, billets, and blooms of steel to be finished with zinc or tin.slabsbilletsblooms –Slabs produce skelps that are used to form pipe.skelps –The finished steel is called galvanized steel or tin plate, depending on the coating.galvanized steeltin plate

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Producing Glass Another material produced through thermal processes is glass. Glass is made by melting sand, soda ash, and lime in a furnace. From the furnace, the glass goes to a secondary manufacturing process or primary manufacturing lines. Jars, dishes, float glass, fiberglass, and fiber-optic cables are common glass products.float glassfiberglass fiber-optic cables

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Float Glass As the float glass moves from the furnace, to the float tank, to the lehr, it is gradually cooled until ready to be cut and shipped.float glasslehr All about glass (PPG)

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Refining Petroleum Most petroleum refineries use three processes:petroleum –Separation through fractional distillation in a fractionating tower.Separationfractional distillationfractionating tower –Conversion, the processes of cracking and polymerization.Conversioncrackingpolymerization –Finally treating is done through adding or removing chemicals.treating

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chemical and Electrochemical Processes Chemical and electrochemical processes are used to produce synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other valuable products.Chemicalelectrochemical processes The process of making aluminum is both chemical and electrochemical. The first stage chemically transforms bauxite into alumina.bauxitealumina The alumina is then converted into pure aluminum by electric currents.

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Career Corner Millwrights. –Install and repair machinery used in many industries. –Work with maintenance workers to repair and maintain machines and processing equipment. –Are trained through four-year apprenticeships. Millwright's Union Career Prospects

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Mechanical, thermal, and chemical and electrochemical processes are all ______________. primary processes

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are two materials that result from mechanical processing? Lumber and plywood.

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What types of lumber are there? Softwood or hardwood lumber.

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What three things is thermal processing involved with? Producing steel, producing glass, and refining petroleum.

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are three glass products produced through thermal processes? Float glass, fiberglass, and fiber-optic cables.

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What process is done during the first stage of making aluminum? The chemical process of changing bauxite into alumina.

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are some products formed through chemical and electrochemical processes? Synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals, plastics, alumina, and aluminum.

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Alumina –aluminum oxide. It is the input to the second phase of making aluminum. Bauxite –aluminum ore. Billets –long, square pieces of steel. Blast furnace –a furnace commonly used in iron smelting.

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Blooms –short, rectangular pieces of steel used to produce structural shapes and rails. Cant –the square center section of a log. Charging –the first step in the process of making steel in a basic oxygen furnace. When being charged, the furnace tilts to one side to receive pig iron, scrap steel, and flux.

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Chemical processes –processes that break down or build up materials by changing their chemical compositions. Conversion –a process that changes hydrocarbon molecules into different sizes, both smaller and larger. Core –the center layer of plywood.

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Cracking –the process of breaking heavier hydrocarbons into smaller ones. Crossbands –the layers between the faces in plywood. Edger saw –a machine that has a number of blades on a shaft.

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Electrochemical processes –processes that break down or build up materials by changing their chemical compositions. Faces –the outside layers of plywood. Fiberglass –strands of glass used as the matrix for composite materials and insulation.

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Fiber-optic cables –strands of glass used to transmit voice, television, and computer data at high speeds. Float glass –glass that is changed into sheets for windows and similar products by floating the molten glass on a bed of molten tin.

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Fractional distillation –a process in which petroleum is pumped through tubes and heated until it becomes a series of hot liquids and vapors. Fractionating tower –a tower that is used to separate the different liquids and vapors in petroleum. Galvanized steel –zinc-coated steel used for automobile parts and containers.

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Glass –a material produced using thermal processes by solidifying molten silica in an amorphous state. Hardwood lumber –a type of lumber produced from trees that lose their leaves at the end of each growing season. Head rig –a very large band saw that cuts narrow slabs from a log.

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Lehr –an annealing oven. Lumber –wood used to make frameworks in residences or other types of structures. Lumber core plywood –a type of core used for plywood that is made from pieces of solid lumber that have been glued to form a sheet.

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Mechanical processes –processes that use mechanical forces to change the form of natural resources. Particleboard core plywood –plywood that has a core made of particleboard. Petroleum –an oily, flammable, nonuniform mixture of a large number of different solid and liquid hydrocarbons.

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Pig iron –the basic input for steelmaking that results from thermal and chemical actions. Polymerization –a conversion process that causes small hydrocarbon molecules to join together. Primary processing –the step in which material resources are converted into industrial materials.

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Refining –the second step in the process of making steel in a basic oxygen furnace. Resaw –a machine that uses a group of evenly spaced circular or scroll saw–type blades to cut many boards at once. Separation –a process used in petroleum refineries that breaks petroleum into major hydrocarbon groups.

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Skelps –strips of steel used to form pipes. Slabs –wide, flat pieces of steel. Smelting –the thermal process using heat to extract metals from their ores.

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Softwood lumber –a type of lumber produced from needle-bearing trees. It is used for construction, for shipping containers and crates, and for railroad ties. Steel –an alloy of iron and carbon used for frameworks in industrial and commercial buildings. Tapping –the final step in the process of making steel in a basic oxygen furnace.

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Thermal processes –the types of processes that use heat to melt and reform natural resources. Tin plate –tin-coated steel used to make food cans. Treating –a petroleum-refining process that adds or removes chemicals to change the properties of petroleum products.

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Trim saw –a machine that has a series of spaced blades. Veneer –a thin sheet of wood that is sliced, sawed, or peeled from a log. Veneer core plywood –the most common type of core used for plywood.