SPACE

Beginnings… Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Came up with new theory of gravitation in 1687 Came up with new theory of gravitation in 1687 First person to come up with the idea of artificial satellites orbiting the Earth First person to come up with the idea of artificial satellites orbiting the Earth Early 20 th Century Early 20 th Century Scientists began figuring out how they could send a satellite high enough/ fast enough to place it in orbit around Earth Scientists began figuring out how they could send a satellite high enough/ fast enough to place it in orbit around Earth

Research WWII-Post WWII WWII Research WWII Research : At this time, rockets were too weak to boost a satellite to orbit the Earth : At this time, rockets were too weak to boost a satellite to orbit the Earth Engineers began working harder to develop a way to get satellites into orbit Engineers began working harder to develop a way to get satellites into orbit 1954: Engineers were sure that launching a satellite would be possible soon 1954: Engineers were sure that launching a satellite would be possible soon

Soviet Union (USSR) vs. United States USSR and the U.S. announced plans to develop satellites in 1955 USSR and the U.S. announced plans to develop satellites in 1955 Remember the arms race between the two countries during the Cold War??? Remember the arms race between the two countries during the Cold War??? Russian engineers designed the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) rocket in the mid-1950s. Russian engineers designed the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) rocket in the mid-1950s. Known as “R-7” Known as “R-7” Testing on these rockets began in 1956 Testing on these rockets began in 1956

Soviets Have an Idea… If R-7 could fly 4,000 miles…maybe something could be transported in it If R-7 could fly 4,000 miles…maybe something could be transported in it An artificial Earth satellite should be created! An artificial Earth satellite should be created! Iskustvennyi Sputnik Zemli Iskustvennyi Sputnik Zemli Completed June 1957 Completed June 1957 Name means: “Fellow Traveler of the Earth” Name means: “Fellow Traveler of the Earth” Called “Sputnik” for short Called “Sputnik” for short

Sputnik Soviet Union launched Sputnik in October, 1957 Soviet Union launched Sputnik in October, pound ball 184 pound ball The first artificial Earth satellite The first artificial Earth satellite In orbit beeping for 3 weeks In orbit beeping for 3 weeks Burned as it fell back into the atmosphere in January, 1958 Burned as it fell back into the atmosphere in January, 1958

Dawn of the Space Age The launching of Sputnik = the Dawn of the Space Age The launching of Sputnik = the Dawn of the Space Age Sputnik was the most significant event since explosion of the atom bomb in 1945 Sputnik was the most significant event since explosion of the atom bomb in 1945 Sputnik humiliated the American ego Sputnik humiliated the American ego “A bloodless Pearl Harbor” “A bloodless Pearl Harbor” What? What?

USSR Forces the U.S. to Action Sputnik 2: Launched November 1957 Sputnik 2: Launched November 1957 Carried a live dog on board Carried a live dog on board Caused the U.S. to take action and make progress in Space Caused the U.S. to take action and make progress in Space Eisenhower approves $1billion for “national security” Eisenhower approves $1billion for “national security”

The Military is in Charge U.S. Army and Navy both had ballistic missile projects underway U.S. Army and Navy both had ballistic missile projects underway In a race to see who would be the first American service to orbit a satellite In a race to see who would be the first American service to orbit a satellite Two months after the launch of Sputnik 1, Eisenhower gave the Navy permission to send the first satellite into orbit Two months after the launch of Sputnik 1, Eisenhower gave the Navy permission to send the first satellite into orbit Vanguard rocket would carry it Vanguard rocket would carry it

Vanguard December 6, 1957 December 6, 1957 Vanguard lost control 2 seconds after launch Vanguard lost control 2 seconds after launch Only 4 feet off launch pad, fell back and exploded Only 4 feet off launch pad, fell back and exploded Newspapers called it “Kaputnik and Stayputnik” Newspapers called it “Kaputnik and Stayputnik”

The Navy Tries Again The Navy made another attempt to beat the Army on January 25, 1958 The Navy made another attempt to beat the Army on January 25, 1958 Rocket exploded again 14 seconds after being launched Rocket exploded again 14 seconds after being launched It’s the Army’s turn now… It’s the Army’s turn now…

Explorer 1 U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, AL U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, AL This is the same place where the designs for later vehicles that would carry astronauts to the Moon in 1969 This is the same place where the designs for later vehicles that would carry astronauts to the Moon in 1969 The Army was asked to send a satellite to orbit The Army was asked to send a satellite to orbit Trying to erase the embarrassment from the Navy’s disasters Trying to erase the embarrassment from the Navy’s disasters

Explorer 1 January 31, 1958 January 31, 1958 Launched satellite Explorer-1 aboard the Jupiter-C rocket Launched satellite Explorer-1 aboard the Jupiter-C rocket Explorer-1’s batteries died 5 months after launch Explorer-1’s batteries died 5 months after launch Plunged into Earth’s atmosphere and burned on March 31, 1970 Plunged into Earth’s atmosphere and burned on March 31, 1970

Army’s Embarrassments/Navy’s Successes March 5, 1958: Explorer-2 failed to reach orbit March 5, 1958: Explorer-2 failed to reach orbit March 17, 1958: Vanguard-3 successfully reached orbit March 17, 1958: Vanguard-3 successfully reached orbit March 28, 1958: Explorer-3 reached orbit March 28, 1958: Explorer-3 reached orbit Carried instruments to measure cosmic rays, meteorites, and temperature Carried instruments to measure cosmic rays, meteorites, and temperature

Sputnik-3 Geophysical observatory Geophysical observatory Successfully launched on May 15 Successfully launched on May 15 Solar-powered Solar-powered Weighed 2,925 pounds Weighed 2,925 pounds

NASA July 29, 1958: National Aeronautics and Space Act July 29, 1958: National Aeronautics and Space Act Developed National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Developed National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) First civilian space research group First civilian space research group October 1, 1958: NASA was founded October 1, 1958: NASA was founded

Vostok 1 First man to orbit the Earth First man to orbit the Earth Yuri Gagarin Yuri Gagarin Technically didn’t count because he ejected before the capsule came down! Technically didn’t count because he ejected before the capsule came down!

So did America have success? Yes! Yes! Mercury program Mercury program One man space capsules One man space capsules Alan Shepard on Freedom 7 was the first American in space on May 5, 1961 Alan Shepard on Freedom 7 was the first American in space on May 5, 1961 John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962 John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962

Mercury Astronauts Deke Sleyton, Gus Grissom, Gordo Cooper, Alan Shepard, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, John Glenn

Gemini program Two man space capsules Two man space capsules Space walks Space walks Edward White on June 3, 1965 Edward White on June 3, 1965

Apollo – the quest to land men on the moon President Kennedy instituted the space program with the goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade President Kennedy instituted the space program with the goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade Accomplished July 20, 1969 under President Nixon. Accomplished July 20, 1969 under President Nixon. Titan rocket still in use today Titan rocket still in use today

Apollo 1 Apollo 1: January 27, 1967 Apollo 1: January 27, 1967 Kennedy Space Center, Florida Kennedy Space Center, Florida Astronauts killed: Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee Astronauts killed: Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee Space capsule caught fire atop launch pad during a launch pad test Space capsule caught fire atop launch pad during a launch pad test

Apollo 8 First to orbit the moon First to orbit the moon Frank Borman Frank Borman James Lovell James Lovell Bill Anderson Bill Anderson December 21, 1968 December 21, 1968

Apollo 11 First men on the moon First men on the moon Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Michael Collins Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Michael Collins July 20, 1969 July 20, 1969

Apollo 13 Considered a “successful failure” because they got home safely Considered a “successful failure” because they got home safely Did not land on the moon Did not land on the moon James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Haise James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Haise

Apollo 17 Last flight to the moon Last flight to the moon December 7, 1972 December 7, 1972 Ron Evans, Harrison Schmitt, and Gene Cernan Ron Evans, Harrison Schmitt, and Gene Cernan Cernan is to date the last man to stand on the moon Cernan is to date the last man to stand on the moon

Skylab/Mir programs Orbiting platform Orbiting platform Experiments in space Experiments in space Launch point to other places Launch point to other places May 14, 1973 May 14, 1973

Space Shuttle Program Reusable spacecraft Reusable spacecraft Enterprise. Enterprise. Columbia Columbia Challenger Challenger Discovery Discovery Atlantis Atlantis Endeavour Endeavour

Challenger January 28, 1986 January 28, 1986 Kennedy Space Center, Florida Kennedy Space Center, Florida Space shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff Space shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff 7 Passengers killed in the explosion 7 Passengers killed in the explosion

Challenger

Columbia February 1, 2003 February 1, 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during re- entry into Earth’s atmosphere Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during re- entry into Earth’s atmosphere Over Texas Over Texas 7 crew members were killed 7 crew members were killed This was Columbia’s 28 th mission This was Columbia’s 28 th mission

Where do we go from here? Orion - designed to carry astronauts back to the moon and beyond, possible even Mars Orion - designed to carry astronauts back to the moon and beyond, possible even Mars U.S. astronauts are slated to return to the moon no later than U.S. astronauts are slated to return to the moon no later than 2020.

Orion will be a near carbon copy of the Apollo spacecraft. Orion will be a near carbon copy of the Apollo spacecraft. It will be larger than the Apollo command module carrying four astronauts (possibly six) as opposed to three. It will be larger than the Apollo command module carrying four astronauts (possibly six) as opposed to three.

What are some products we got from the space program? TV Satellite Dish NASA developed ways to correct errors in the signals coming from the spacecraft. This technology is used to reduce noise (that is, messed up picture or sound) in TV signals coming from satellites. TV Satellite Dish NASA developed ways to correct errors in the signals coming from the spacecraft. This technology is used to reduce noise (that is, messed up picture or sound) in TV signals coming from satellites.

Medical Imaging NASA developed ways to process signals from spacecraft to produce clearer images. This technology also makes possible these photo-like images of our insides. Medical Imaging NASA developed ways to process signals from spacecraft to produce clearer images. This technology also makes possible these photo-like images of our insides.

Pyrex and Corningware Pyrex and Corningware was developed as heat resistant glass that would not shatter when exposed to extremes of temperature was developed as heat resistant glass that would not shatter when exposed to extremes of temperature

Ear Thermometer Instead of measuring temperature using a column of mercury (which expands as it heats up), this thermometer has a lens like a camera and detects infrared energy, which we feel as heat. The warmer something is (like your body), the more infrared energy it puts out. This technology was originally developed to detect the birth of stars. Ear Thermometer Instead of measuring temperature using a column of mercury (which expands as it heats up), this thermometer has a lens like a camera and detects infrared energy, which we feel as heat. The warmer something is (like your body), the more infrared energy it puts out. This technology was originally developed to detect the birth of stars.

Fire Fighter Equipment Fire fighters wear suits made of fire resistant fabric developed for use in space suits. Fire Fighter Equipment Fire fighters wear suits made of fire resistant fabric developed for use in space suits.

Smoke Detector First used in the Earth orbiting space station called Skylab (launched back in 1973) to help detect any toxic vapors. Now used in most homes and other buildings to warn people of fire. Smoke Detector First used in the Earth orbiting space station called Skylab (launched back in 1973) to help detect any toxic vapors. Now used in most homes and other buildings to warn people of fire.

Sun Tiger Glasses From research done on materials to protect the eyes of welders working on spacecraft, protective lenses were developed that block almost all the wavelengths of radiation that might harm the eyes, while letting through all the useful wavelengths that let us see. Sun Tiger Glasses From research done on materials to protect the eyes of welders working on spacecraft, protective lenses were developed that block almost all the wavelengths of radiation that might harm the eyes, while letting through all the useful wavelengths that let us see.

Automobile Design Tools A computer program developed by NASA to analyze a spacecraft or airplane design and predict how parts will perform is now used to help design automobiles. This kind of software can save car makers a lot of money by letting them see how well a design will work even before they build a prototype. Automobile Design Tools A computer program developed by NASA to analyze a spacecraft or airplane design and predict how parts will perform is now used to help design automobiles. This kind of software can save car makers a lot of money by letting them see how well a design will work even before they build a prototype.

Cordless Tools Portable, self-contained power tools were originally developed to help Apollo astronauts drill for moon samples. This technology has lead to development of such tools as the cordless vacuum cleaner, power drill, shrub trimmers, and grass shears. Cordless Tools Portable, self-contained power tools were originally developed to help Apollo astronauts drill for moon samples. This technology has lead to development of such tools as the cordless vacuum cleaner, power drill, shrub trimmers, and grass shears.

Aerodynamic Bicycle Wheel A special bike wheel uses NASA research in airfoils (wings) and design software developed for the space program. The three spokes on the wheel act like wings, making the bicycle very efficient for racing. Aerodynamic Bicycle Wheel A special bike wheel uses NASA research in airfoils (wings) and design software developed for the space program. The three spokes on the wheel act like wings, making the bicycle very efficient for racing.

Thermal Gloves and Boots These gloves and boots have heating elements that run on rechargeable batteries worn on the inside wrist of the gloves or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This technology was adapted from a spacesuit design for the Apollo astronauts. Thermal Gloves and Boots These gloves and boots have heating elements that run on rechargeable batteries worn on the inside wrist of the gloves or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This technology was adapted from a spacesuit design for the Apollo astronauts.

Space Pens The Fisher Space Pen was developed for use in space. Most pens depend on gravity to make the ink flow into the ball point. For this space pen, the ink cartridge contains pressured gas to push the ink toward the ball point. That means, you can lie in bed and write upside down with this pen! Also, it uses a special ink that works in very hot and very cold environments. Space Pens The Fisher Space Pen was developed for use in space. Most pens depend on gravity to make the ink flow into the ball point. For this space pen, the ink cartridge contains pressured gas to push the ink toward the ball point. That means, you can lie in bed and write upside down with this pen! Also, it uses a special ink that works in very hot and very cold environments.

Shock Absorbing Helmets These special football helmets use a padding of Temper Foam, a shock absorbing material first developed for space helmets Shock Absorbing Helmets These special football helmets use a padding of Temper Foam, a shock absorbing material first developed for space helmets

And last but not least… Disposable diapers Disposable diapers Special absorbent material that was not bulky and would not bunch up Special absorbent material that was not bulky and would not bunch up Developed for long space flights Developed for long space flights