#1 George Washington, Est. Presidential precedents Judiciary Act, 1789 First Bank of United States, The Bill of Rights, 1791 French Revolution - Citizen Genet, 1793 Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Jay’s Treaty with England, 1795 Hamilton v Jefferson (loose v strict interpretations of the Constitution) Farewell Address, 1796

#2 John Adams, Federalist XYZ Affair, th Amendment, 1798 Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798 Avoids War with France Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798 "Midnight Appointments"/Judiciary Act of 1801

#3 Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, Revolution of 1800 Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801 Beginning of the Second Great Awakening, s Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Lewis and Clark Expedition, th Amendment, 1804 Embargo Act, 1807 Congressional prohibition on slave trade into the US, 1808

#4 James Madison, Democratic-Republican, Father of the Constitution Repeal of Embargo Act, 1809, Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 "War Hawks," (John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY) War of 1812 ( ), “Star-Spangled banner” composed, 1814 Treaty of Ghent, 1814 Hartford Convention, 1814 Battle of New Orleans, 1815 The rechartering of the National Bank, 1816

The War of 1812 ( ) “2 nd War of Independence” Impressment of US sailors Poorly fought, Washington D.C. captured, burned. Leadership of James Madison Siege of Ft. McHenry, Baltimore harbor, Star-Spangled Banner Battle of New Orleans 1815, Andrew Jackson national hero

#5 James Monroe, Democratic-Republican Completed the “VA Dynasty” Presided over alleged “Era of Good Feelings” Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Missouri Compromise 1820 Monroe Doctrine 1823

#6 John Quincy Adams, National Republican First post-Revolution era President Controversial Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain) Tried to implement the “American System” Erie Canal Tariff of Abominations 1828 German & Irish Immigration

Slavery: The Insidious Institution Colonial Founding Geographic, Economic, Cultural differences b/w North and South Louisiana Purchase and Cotton Gin led to explosion of slavery in the Deep South Core Issue: The Expansion of Slavery into New Territories. Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 Wm Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator Nat Turner’s insurrection, Underground RR

#7 Andrew Jackson, Democrat, “Kitchen Cabinet” & “Spoils System” Hero of New Orleans Jacksonian Democracy, 1st Common Man President Brutal Campaign v. JQA in 1828 Indian Removal Act 1830, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 The Tariff of 1832 & Nullification Crisis (SC) Bank War v. Nicholas Biddle Black Hawk War Formation of Whig Party

#8 Martin Van Buren, Hand Selected by Jackson, Democrat “Little Magician” Amistad Affair Economic Panics of 1837 and 1839 Liberty Party (Free Soilers) founded

#9 William Henry Harrison, 1841 Whig Party’s Andrew Jackson “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” President for a Month

#10 John Tyler, Whig, “His Accidentcy”, Assumed full power of the Presidency, established important precedent. High Point of “Old Immigration” Kicked out of Whig Party for not supporting the American System. John C. Fremont surveys the Oregon Trail.

#11 James K. Polk, Democrat, Dark Horse Expansionist President, Manifest Destiny Accomplished his 4 goals Ethically questionable war with Mexico Bear Flag Republic Brigham Young & Mormons in Utah Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848 Wilmot Proviso

Mexican-American War Texas border dispute with Mexico Santa Anna attacks US troops north of the Rio Grande “American blood has been shed on American soil”…Polk Gen. Zachary Taylor Gen. Winfield Scott

#12 Zachary Taylor, “Old Rough and Ready” hero of Mexican- American War. Whig Refused to pass Compromise of Southerner who took a strong stance against potential secessionists. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 (Panama Canal) Died in Office

#13 Millard Fillmore, Whig who passed the Compromise of 1850, brought CA in as free state in exchange for a stronger Fugitive Slave Code. Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 American Party/The Know- Nothings, 1853

The Road to Civil War Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Popular Sovereignty Bleeding Kansas 1856 Dred Scott Case 1857 John Brown at Harper’s Ferry 1859 Election of 1860

#14 Franklin Pierce, Democrat, Least offensive candidate in Strived to keep the balance between Northern and Southern interest. Gadsden Purchase 1853 KA-NB Act 1854 The caning of Sen. Charles Sumner

#15 James Buchanan, Democrat Weak, ineffectual President. Dred Scott Case Lincoln-Douglas Debates Watched as South Carolina seceded from the Union.

#16 Abraham Lincoln, Republican, widely considered Greatest American President Strong stance against the expansion of slavery Assault on Ft. Sumter 1861 Tensions with Gen. McLellan Moderate politician, became more radical as President Emancipation Proclamation Choosing of General Grant

The Civil War From Ft. Sumter to Appomattox Courthouse, 4 long years of war were the darkest chapter in US history. (approx 620k killed) Lincoln’s leadership and superior logistics won over the superior generals and soldierly prowess of the South. Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman’s March, Appomatox Lincoln’s Assassination

Reconstruction Lincoln is dead, the South is defeated, Blacks are free, and a generation of American men (620,000) are dead (X2 wounded). Andrew Johnson 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments Freedman’s Bureau Military Reconstruction Act Compromise of 1877

#17 Andrew Johnson, Jacksonian Democrat who clashed with Radical Republicans (Stevens & Sumner) over Reconstruction. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, Radicals override Johnson’s veto. KKK and violence in the South Violated Tenure of Office Act, impeached but not removed.

#18 Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, Union General, 2 scandal- ridden terms. Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring Crushed Klan activities in the South. Jim Crow Laws in the South Indian Wars out West, Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Completion of 1 st Transcontinental RR. Panic of 1873

#19 Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican Compromise of 1877, End of Reconstruction Munn v. Illinois 1877 RR Strike 1877 Knights of Labor Convention Greenback Labor Party Hayes clashes with Conkling, spoils system.

# 20 James A Garfield, 1881 Republican Stalwarts & Half-Breeds Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Institute Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor Assassinated by Charles Guiteau

# 20 Chester A. Arthur, Republican Standard Oil Incorporated 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Pendleton Act 1883 Patronage reform Oklahoma Land Rush Union Pacific RR Strike

#22 Grover Cleveland, Democrat Era of New Immigration begins Haymarket Square Riot 1886 Wabash v. Illinois 1886 AF of L founded by Samuel Gompers 1886 Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Dawes Severalty Act 1887

#23 Benjamin Harrison, Republican, pro-business, high tariff Jane Addams Hull House 1889 NAWSA 1890 Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 McKinley Tariff 1890 (49.5%!) Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 Ellis Island opens 1892 Homestead Massacre 1892

#24 Grover Cleveland, Democrat, non-consecutive terms Panic of 1893, J.P. Morgan bails out the Government. Cleveland refuses Hawaiian annexation 1893 Eugene Debs forms American Railway Union  Pullman Strike 1894 Coxey’s Army marches on D.C. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

#25 William McKinley, Republican, Big Business candidate New Imperialism (TR) and emphasis on Naval strength Annexation of Hawaii Open Door Policy Assassinated in Buffalo, TR assumes the Presidency

Spanish-American War 1898 Spanish in Cuba, DeLome` Letter, USS Maine Commodore George Dewey Manila Bay Rough Riders (TR) in Cuba Filipino rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo 1899 Anti-Imperialist League Treaty of Paris 1899: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines $20 mil Platt Amendment for Cuba

#26 Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, The 3 C’s of the Square Deal Northern Securities Case TR intervenes in Coal Strike Muckrakers The Politics and Building of the Panama Canal Hepburn Act Antiquities Act, National Parks Roosevelt Corollary, Gunboat Diplomacy Panic of 1907, J.P. Morgan bailout

#27 William H. Taft, Republican Payne-Aldridge Tariff Trust-Busting Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Dollar Diplomacy Feud with TR Election of 1912 (Taft, TR, Wilson, Debs)

#28 Woodrow Wilson, Democrat 17 th, 18 th, 19 th Amendments Underwood Tariff 1913 Federal Reserve Act 1913 Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 Federal Trade Commission 1914 Espionage and Sedition Acts Palmer Raids and Red Scare 1920

World War I WWI ( for US) Nationalism, Alliances, Militarism and Assassination in Sarajevo. Lusitania 1915, Sussex Pledge Zimmerman Telegram German Unrestricted Submarine warfare AEF under Gen. Pershing 14 Points, Treaty of Versailles Debate

#29 Warren G. Harding, Republican, “Return to Normalcy” Nativism, Immigration Quota Act 1921 Teapot Dome Scandal Washington Naval Conference Ushers in Isolationism Dies in Office

#30 Calvin Coolidge, Republican, Pro-business policies “The business of American is business” Consumerism Immigration Act of 1924 (2% quota from 1890) Scopes Monkey Trial 1925 Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927 Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war 1928

#31 Herbert Hoover, Republican Black Tuesday Oct. 29 th, 1929 Global Depression Hawley-Smoot Tariff hike 1930 Reconstruction Finance Corporation…Limited Government intervention to relieve crisis Bonus Army Marchers driven from D.C. 1932

#32 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat, ushers in the New Deal (3 Rs), 100 Days FDIC, AAA, CCC, TVA, NRA, WPA, etc, Social Security Instills Confidence but limited recovery. Schecter v. United States 1935, Confrontation with Supreme Court 2 nd New Deal, Keynesian Economics, Critics of FDR

World War II Appeasement towards Hitler, invades Poland 1939 Japanese militarism, invasion of China 1930s From Isolationism to Intervention: Neutrality Acts, Cash & Carry, Lend-Lease Pearl Harbor  2-Front War FDR’s leadership and industrial capacity win the war.

European Theater North Africa  Italy  France FDR, Churchill, Stalin Eisenhower’s leadership Air Supremacy D-Day, Battle of the Bulge Liberation of Concentration Camps V-E Day

Pacific Theater Coral Sea & Midway ‘42 Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa Firebombing Japanese cities Hiroshima & Nagasaki ‘45

#33 Harry S. Truman, Democrat, defeats Dewey in ‘48 Potsdam  Hiroshima, Nagasaki Desegregation of Armed Forces Cold War Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift, NATO Red Scare, Joseph McCarthy Fair Deal

Korean War N. Korean communist invasion of South (38 th parallel) UN police action to restore statues quo Clash with Chinese Gen. MacArthur v. Truman Restoration of South Korea, 36k US killed, 900k Chinese, 3 mil Koreans Hot War within Cold War

#34 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Republican, the 50s suburbanization, affluence Earl Warren, Brown v. B.O.E Montgomery Bus Boycott ‘55-’56, Little Rock H.S. ’57, Sit-ins ’60 Support for Diem in S. Vietnam Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 Sputnik, NASA, U-2 Incident ‘61 Military Industrial Complex

#35 John F. Kennedy, Democrat, New Frontier Bay of Pigs ‘61, Flexible Response, Military Advisers in S. Vietnam Berlin Wall ’61 Cuban Missile Crisis ‘62 MLK Birmingham, March on Washington ‘63 Assassinated in Dallas,

#36 Lyndon B. Johnson, Democrat Great Society & War on Poverty Gulf of Tonkin 1964, escalation in Vietnam, Tet Offensive ‘68 Civil Rights Act ‘64, Voting Rights Act ‘65 Race Riots, Anti-war demonstrations, Counterculture Assassinations MLK, RFK Chicago Riot Dem Convention

Vietnam US support for S. Vietnam ‘54 Military Advisers ‘61 Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution ‘64 Operation Rolling Thunder and escalation ‘ Tet Offensive ’68, Anti-War Movement Vietnamization, Cambodia, Paris Peace Accords ‘73 Fall of Saigon ‘75

#37 Richard M. Nixon, Republican, Silent Majority Peace with Honor, Vietnamization, Cambodian Incursion Kent State Massacre ‘70 Détente with Chinese & Soviets Recession, Fuel shortages Election of ‘72, Watergate Executive Privilege battle and Resignation

#38 Gerald Ford, Republican, never elected Pardons Nixon ‘74 Helsinki Accords ‘75 Fall of Saigon ‘75, US evacuation OPEC Crisis continues

#39 Jimmy Carter, Democrat, D.C. outsider Pardons draft dodgers ’77 Recession, Inflation, Energy Crisis Camp David Accords ‘79 Iran Hostage Crisis ‘79 SALT II Talks Crisis of Confidence Speech ‘79

#40 Ronald Reagan, Republican leader of the “Republican Revolution” Supply Side Economics Assassination attempt Budget Battle, lower taxes, less entitlement spending. SDI Initiative, increased military spending Pressure on Gorbachev Iran-Contra Affair