Human Biology The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System… The skeletal system is the body’s living framework It consists of living material embedded in a matrix of nonliving material

The Skeletal System… Made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons Cartilage-dense, fibrous, flexible connective tissue Ligaments-connective tissue that holds bones together Tendons- connective tissue that attaches bones to muscle Consists of approximately 206 bones

The Skeletal System…Functions Provides shape and support Allows movement Almost all bones are attached to muscles As muscles contract, or shorten, they pull on bones causing them to move Protects tissues and organs Ex: vertebral column protects spinal cord Rib cage protects internal organs

The Skeletal System… Functions Stores certain materials Some of these materials give bones their stiffness, others play roles in blood clotting, nerve functions and muscle activity If the level of these substances in the blood falls below the normal range, the body will begin to remove them from where they are stored within the bones

The Skeletal System… Functions Produces blood cells Red cells – carry oxygen White cells – destroy harmful bacteria

Development of Bones... Many bones are formed from a type of connective tissue called cartilage Cartilage is a stiff, jellylike material Strong enough to provide support, flexible enough to bend and twist

Development of Bones… In newborns, many bones are almost all cartilage The process of replacing cartilage with bone begins about 7 months before birth The process continues until the age of 25 or so Some forming and reforming of bones still occurs in adulthood, particularly where bone is under a great deal of stress

Development of Bones… In some places, the cartilage remains unchanged Places where bone meets bone Ex: knee, ankle, elbow Two jobs in these places Cushion bones against sudden jolts (jumping or running) Provides a slippery surface for bones to move without rubbing against each other

Development of Bones… Bone growth Growth takes place at both ends of long bones Growth region is called Epiphyseal plate Layer of cartilage in which mitosis takes place Ossification Process of cartilage being replaced by bone

Structure of Bones… Bones are one of the toughest yet lightest materials in your body Bones make up barely 14% of your body’s mass

Structure of Bones… Bones = living material embedded in a matrix of non-living material Osteocytes- living cells embedded in a network of tough protein fibers called collagen Non-living part of bone- compounds containing calcium and phosphorous that surround the osteocytes and make bone hard

Structure of Bones… Periosteum Shaft Covers all bones and helps to connect them to muscles Provides a rich blood supply to nourish the bone Shaft Middle portion of a typical long bone Central cavity surrounded by a hard bony material called compact bone

Structure of Bones… Haversian canals Small channels that run through compact bone and contain the blood vessels that nourish the osteocytes

Structure of Bones… Central cavity of long bones Epiphyseal line Filled with yellow marrow Stores fat Epiphyseal line The shaft is separated from the ends by this line Marks the area where growth formerly took place

Structure of Bones… In flat bones and the ends of long bones, the hard material is very thin Underneath hard material = spongy bone Spongy bone mitigates shock, reduces the potential for injury during periods of physical exertion or as a result of a blow to the body In some bones, the spongy material contains red marrow in which red and white blood cells are produced

Classification of Bones… Bones are classified according to their shape Long bones (arms and legs) – support weight and are involved in movement Flat bones (skull, sternum) – protect underlying organs Short bones (wrist, ankles) – provide great flexibility and precise movements Irregular bones (ribs, scapula) – adaptations that provide for specific needs involving support, protection, and/or articulation

Structure of Skeleton… The skeleton consists of approximately 206 bones Two main divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Structure of Skeleton… Axial skeleton Central framework of support and protection Consists of 80 bones including the skull, facial bones, vertebral column, and rib cage

Structure of Skeleton… Function of axial skeleton Skull – protects brain 26 bones of vertebral column – holds body upright and protects spinal cord Vertebral column – consists of 5 regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal Rib cage – twelve pairs of ribs plus sternum Each rib is attached to the vertebral column Only 7 pair of “true” ribs that are attached to the sternum by cartilage The other 5 pair “false” ribs do no attach to sternum Function of rib cage is to protect organs of thoracic cavity

Structure of Skeleton… Appendicular skeleton 126 bones in the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, arms, and legs

Structure of Skeleton… Function of appendicular skeleton Pectoral girdle – provides support for arms and provides for their broad range of movement Muscles attach the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton Pelvic girdle attaches directly to the lower part of the vertebral column

Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal joints Joint – any place where two bones come close together Keeps bones far enough apart so they don’t rub against each other Holds the bones in place Six kinds of joints Pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, gliding, and Ellipsoid

Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal Joints Focus on three Pivot joint- allows for rotation of one bone around another Ex: joint of head on neck Allows head to move up and down as well as side to side

Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal joints, cont. Ball-and-socket joint- provides for circular motion Ex: shoulder Hinge joint – allows movement forward and backward with little side to side Ex: elbow, knee

Structure of Skeleton… Bones to know Cranium

Structure of Skeleton… Vertebral column 5 parts Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral coccygeal

Structure of Skeleton… Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals phalanges

Structure of Skeleton… Ribs Sternum Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals phalanges

Injuries to Skeleton… Sprain Fracture Dislocation Ligaments or tendons get torn or pulled beyond their normal stretching range Painful, yet still able to function Fracture A break in a bone Bone is a living tissue; begins to heal almost immediately Dislocation When a bone is forced out of its joint Can be serious Bone can usually be pushed back into place by a doctor

Review of Skeletal System… Bones are fastened together by connective tissues called ligaments Tendons are connective tissues that connect muscles to bone The skeletal system has 5 important functions: provides shape and support, allows movement, protects tissues and organs, produces blood cells, stores certain materials

Review of Skeletal System… The human skeleton is divided into 2 main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton: skull, ribs, breastbone, vertebral column Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms and legs

Review of Skeletal System… Cartilage: a flexible connective tissue that supports, acts as a shock absorber, and cushions other skeletal parts Joint: a place where two bones come close together Most common injuries to skeletal system Sprains, fractures, dislocations