The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience Chapter 2

The Importance of Physical Activity Experience How often and in what ways does physical activity occur in your life? Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Spheres of Physical Activity Experience Figure 48 \insert id# 277316\ Figure 2.1 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience Do not classify types of physical activities Highlight aspects of our lives in which physical activity plays an important part Show us that some activities may be common to more than one sphere Provide a general framework for thinking about the importance and pervasiveness of physical activity Are not intended to compartmentalize physical activity Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Self-Sufficiency Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 49 \insert id# 277317\ Figure 2.2 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Self-Sufficiency ADLs: Activities of daily living Personal behaviors IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living Cooking, laundry, shopping Home maintenance activities: More complicated and demand more energy than ADLs and IADLs Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Self-Sufficiency and Aging Physical Activity Limitations By 2030, 22% of the U.S. population will be 65 or older. 11.8% of 55- to 64-year-olds have ADL impairments. Almost 50% of 85+ population have ADL impairments. Older people are often injured trying to do ADLs and IADLs. Quality of life is diminished. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Self-Sufficiency and Aging Mobility (walking) Nearly 20% of people 65 and older have difficulty walking. More than 50% of women and 33% of men over age 85 have difficulty walking up 10 steps. (continued) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Self-Sufficiency and Aging (continued) Driving: Older Drivers . . . Are fastest-growing segment of population of drivers. Do not have a disproportionately higher number of car accidents. Do have more accidents per mile driven. (Austinhomecareassistance.com) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Taking care of our own wants and needs and living an independent life require, at the very least, the ability to perform ADLs and IADLs. Kinesiology can provide the knowledge and professional expertise to help individuals maintain an independent lifestyle.

Self-Expression Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 51 \insert id# 277319\ Figure 2.4 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Self-Expression Gestures Emblems communicate. Illustrators complement words. Regulators guide conversation. There are cultural differences in gestures. Dance and rituals Instrumental movements are required for attaining goal. Expressive movements are idiosyncratic. Rituals express experience, truth, or values. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

(continued) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 13

Work Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 52 \insert id# 277320\ Figure 2.6 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

What Kinds of Physical Activity Are Required to Complete Your Job? Think carefully about all the jobs you have had. Compare the types of physical activities you were required to complete in each job. Be sure to think broadly about physical activity; many “desk jobs” require physical activity such as typing and filing. Rate your jobs. Which were most strenuous? How might your health have benefited from the additional activity? *Anyone know anyone who has NOT been able to do job? Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 15

Sphere of Work Physical activity is an integral part of our work. Physical activity produces goods and services. Specialists focus on improved efficiency, greater productivity, and improved safety in the work setting. Ergonomists (where do we hear this term?) Human factors engineers

Sphere of Work Importance of physical activity in work Ergonomists Human factors engineers Increases in sedentary types of work—risks of reduced activity Physical activity, efficiency, and injury in the workplace Physical and psychological demands of work Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Human Factors Engineers Redesign Equipment to Increase Efficiency and Prevent Injuries Figure 53 \insert id# 277321\ Figure 2.7 Reprinted, with permission, from Human Factors. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 19

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Physical activity is essential to work. Physical activity professionals contribute to work performance by improving the methods used to perform work, redesigning inefficient workspaces, and rehabilitating work-related injuries.

Education Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 54 \insert id# 277322\ Figure 2.8 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Education Physical activity in all phases of education Some examples……. Our interest in sport, exercise and recreation just tip of the iceberg www.ice.ec.gc.ca

Sphere of Education Instruction in sport and exercise At one time limited to: Public schools College physical education Recreation programs Military Today: Sport & fitness centers Corporations Hospitals Tennis, golf, swim clubs Other?

Sphere of Education Instruction in sport, fitness, and exercise most visible and accessible in physical education classes in school curriculum Physical education Curriculum that teaches children how to perform sport and exercise Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Education Fitness Health-related Motor ability Whether an objective that is emphasized in public schools varies according to pressure exerted by society What current issue might give support to emphasizing health related activity in physical education classes? Motor ability Run, jump, skip – locomotion Catch, throw, kick, strike – object control

Growing Problem of Overweight Children and Adolescents Replace with figure from book. Figure 55 \insert id# 277323\ Figure 2.9 Data from USDHHS 2000. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Education Sport skill development Develop responsible personal & social behavior Provide opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, and self expression Attain/maintain physical fitness Develop lifetime sport skills Tennis, swim, golf, in-line skate In order to develop these sport skills, physical education classes must be scheduled on a daily basis so teachers may develop skill competencies in their students.

Objectives of Public School Physical Education Varying views: What is yours? NASPE content standards: Objectives of physical education (page 49 of textbook) Physical fitness Social responsibility Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Objectives of Physical Education A physically educated person demonstrates competency in many movement forms and proficiency in a few movement forms; applies movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of motor skills; exhibits a physically active lifestyle; achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness; (continued) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Objectives of Physical Education (continued) demonstrates responsible personal and social behavior in physical activity settings; demonstrates an understanding of and respect for differences among people in physical activity settings; and understands that physical activity provides opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and social interaction. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Education is critical to civilization. Public school physical education is the one physical activity experience shared by most people, and when carefully planned by kinesiologists it can benefit the student in many ways.

Leisure Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 56 \insert id# 277324\ Figure 2.10 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Leisure Free time: Personal time not encumbered with obligations Leisure: State of being in which humans find deep satisfaction and contentment (continued) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Leisure Leisure pursuits encompass sedentary activities such as: Chess or reading Physical activity as leisure activity: Water skiing or softball Focus of study of leisure as a discipline Leisure studies or recreation Kinesiology – large muscle form leisure pursuit

Sphere of Leisure Activities such as golf, folk dancing, softball, hiking, long runs in the park good potential for leisure. But – potential for leisurely disposition difficult. How? True leisure pursuit depends on: Nature of the pursuit Context in which it is pursued Participant motivation and attitudes

Sphere of Leisure Sports watching Clearly on the rise Over 180 million spectators attended professional & college baseball, basketball, football, and pro hockey games in 2000 up from 150 million in 1985 Tripled attendance for women’s college basket ball since 1985

Sphere of Leisure Concerns for physical activity professionals Why? Dilemma: Jobs of physical activity professional Coaches, athletes, athletic trainers Sport management as a career gaining popularity

Sphere of Leisure Aging and leisure physical activity Due to health advances and study of aging, individuals over 65 have great potential to learn new skills and engage in physical activity. Aging individuals realizing the benefits of regular participation in leisure time activities. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Percentage of adults aged 18 years and over who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity: United States, 1997-2003 Replace with figure 2.11 from book. Figure 57 \insert id# 277325\ Figure 2.11 USDHHS, CDC, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview, 2001, Series 10, 218. Jan. 2004, pg. 3 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Leisure, a state of being vital to humans, often involves large-muscle physical activities. The challenge for physical activity professionals is to teach people to participate in free-time physical activity pursuits in ways that nourish the disposition known as leisure.

Health Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 59 \insert id# 277329\ Figure 2.12 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Health There is a strong relationship between physical activity and health. Physical activity and the national interest Excessive health care costs Death and disease associated with low physical activity levels Disease prevention and therapy through physical activity

The Great Disconnect Replace with figure in the book. Figure 60 \insert id# 277330\ Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Overweight U.S. Children and Adolescents HK will create as new art. Figure 61 \insert id# 277332\ Reprinted, by permission, from C.L. Ogden et al., 2002, “Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents 1999-2000.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288(14): 1728-1732. Copyright © 2000. American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Health (continued) Psychological effects of exercise Increase secretion of mood altering hormones Adjust level of psychological arousal Reduce stress Exercise and mental/emotional illnesses Potential detriments of physical activity Stress fractures from repetitive motions, muscle strain Unhealthy emotional dependence on exercise Interferes with work or personal relationships Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Failure to make physical activity part of our daily lives has led to a health crisis of critical proportions. Exercise professionals can provide the safest, most effective, most efficient routes to attaining health benefits from physical activity.

Competition Sphere of Physical Activity Experience Figure 62 \insert id# 277333\ Figure 2.13 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

Sphere of Competition Competition occurs in our daily lives. Competition in physical activity is usually associated with sport, although it can exist in exercise. Competition can be positive or negative. Types of competition Side by side Face to face non contact Face to face contact Impersonal

Figure 2.14a and 2.14b (continued) Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 49

Figure 2.14c and 2.14d (continued)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Competition comes naturally to humans, and physical activity is an important avenue for expressing our competitive natures. Competition can express itself in a positive or negative manner. Kinesiologists need to teach sport skills and create environments in which enjoyable competition can take place. Fair play Similar performance levels Reduce injuries

Table 2.1 Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 52

Physical Activity Experience: Words to live by! Your life is filled with physical activity experiences. Think carefully about how these experiences contribute to your independence; your ability to perform necessary personal, social, and work-related tasks; and your enjoyment of life. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 53