Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes

A. Biomes Major types of terrestrial ecosystems. Distribution of biomes largely depends on climate (temperature & rainfall). Climate is determined by the Earth’s tilt & uneven heating of Earth’s surface. A. Biomes Major types of terrestrial ecosystems. Distribution of biomes largely depends on climate (temperature & rainfall). Climate is determined by the Earth’s tilt & uneven heating of Earth’s surface. Tilt produces seasons in northern & southern hemispheres.

Earth’s tilt produces…?

Unequal heating causes air movements that distribute moisture. Altitude influences climate - conditions usually become drier & colder as altitude increases.

Air circulation & biomes Note the closed air cells? Wind patterns distribute suns heat=?? Ocean currents too related to weather?? Note the closed air cells? Wind patterns distribute suns heat=?? Ocean currents too related to weather??

Elevation & biomes

Rain shadow effect

Earth’s major biomes

Biome Biome: a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

Biotic & Abiotic Factors

Biotic Factors Biotic Factors: the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem –Birds, Trees, Mushrooms, Bacteria Biotic Factors: the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem –Birds, Trees, Mushrooms, Bacteria

Abiotic Factors Abiotic Factors: physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems –Climate (temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc.) –Wind, Nutrient Availability, Soil Type, Sunlight, etc. Abiotic Factors: physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems –Climate (temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc.) –Wind, Nutrient Availability, Soil Type, Sunlight, etc.

HawkPlants Insect s FishSnake Bacteria Sunligh t pH Temp Humidit y Acid Rain Soil Type

Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the habitat lives.

Terrestrial Biomes

Coniferous Forest

Deciduous Forest

Tropical Forest

Desert

Savanna

Grassland

Tundra

Chaparral

Aquatic Biomes

Marine

Zonation

Estuaries

Intertidal Zone

Freshwater

Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and Ponds (standing water) Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and Ponds (standing water) littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone benthic zone

Littoral zone - shallow area where light reaches the bottom; contains the greatest number & diversity of organisms (rooted plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, fish, reptiles). Limnetic zone - upper layer of open water; extends down as far as light reaches. Find phytoplankton, zooplankton & fishes. Profundal zone - deeper layer of open water; light does not penetrate. Find scavengers & decomposers. Benthic zone - lake bottom. Find scavengers & decomposers. Littoral zone - shallow area where light reaches the bottom; contains the greatest number & diversity of organisms (rooted plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, fish, reptiles). Limnetic zone - upper layer of open water; extends down as far as light reaches. Find phytoplankton, zooplankton & fishes. Profundal zone - deeper layer of open water; light does not penetrate. Find scavengers & decomposers. Benthic zone - lake bottom. Find scavengers & decomposers.

Oxygen & nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) are unevenly distributed in lakes. –O 2 level is highest near surface –nutrient level is highest near bottom Oxygen & nutrients are redistributed by: –wind (ponds & shallow lakes) –fall & spring turnover (deep lakes in temperate regions) Oxygen & nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) are unevenly distributed in lakes. –O 2 level is highest near surface –nutrient level is highest near bottom Oxygen & nutrients are redistributed by: –wind (ponds & shallow lakes) –fall & spring turnover (deep lakes in temperate regions)

Oligotrophic lakes –young; low in nutrients & productivity –clear & sparkling blue –deep water is oxygen-rich Eutrophic lakes –older; nutrient rich & high in productivity –green & murky –O 2 often depleted in deep water during summer Nutrients in sewage & agricultural runoff speed eutrophication. Oligotrophic lakes –young; low in nutrients & productivity –clear & sparkling blue –deep water is oxygen-rich Eutrophic lakes –older; nutrient rich & high in productivity –green & murky –O 2 often depleted in deep water during summer Nutrients in sewage & agricultural runoff speed eutrophication.

Rivers and Streams (running water) Transport rainwater, groundwater, snowmelt & sediment from land to ocean or lake. Rivers and Streams (running water) Transport rainwater, groundwater, snowmelt & sediment from land to ocean or lake. At headwaters: channel is narrow water is clear & oxygen-rich current is swift At mouth: channel widens water is murky & contains less oxygen current slows, depositing sediment

2. Marine Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Include estuaries, mangrove swamps, the intertidal zone & coral reefs. Estuary - area where fresh water of river meets salty water of ocean. 2. Marine Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Include estuaries, mangrove swamps, the intertidal zone & coral reefs. Estuary - area where fresh water of river meets salty water of ocean. water is brackish salinity fluctuates very productive high biodiversity nursery for many ocean animals

Ocean currents & biomes

Mangrove Swamp - tropical wetland dominated by salt-tolerant plants (mangroves). transitional zone between forest & ocean salinity fluctuates plants have aerial roots high biodiversity

Intertidal Zone - area along coast between high & low tides. organisms adapted to pounding waves & varying degrees of desiccation low productivity Coral Reef - underwater deposits of calcium carbonate formed by colonies of animals. very productive high biodiversity very fragile

Ocean Ecosystem –covers 71% of Earth’s surface –temperature: 35 o F - 81 o F –sunlight quickly dissipates with depth –primary producers are photoautotrophs (found near surface) & chemoautotrophs (found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents) –highest productivity near upwellings (occurs on western side of continents) Ocean Ecosystem –covers 71% of Earth’s surface –temperature: 35 o F - 81 o F –sunlight quickly dissipates with depth –primary producers are photoautotrophs (found near surface) & chemoautotrophs (found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents) –highest productivity near upwellings (occurs on western side of continents)

And, what did we learn? What is a biome? List 2 major factors that determine? List 7 major biomes & climates Compare freshwater ecosystems Lakes vs flowing sources Marine ecosystems (coastal & open) What is a biome? List 2 major factors that determine? List 7 major biomes & climates Compare freshwater ecosystems Lakes vs flowing sources Marine ecosystems (coastal & open)