Pregnancy and development Mrs. Schmit

Begins with…. Fertilization - union of the sperm and the egg Fertilization - union of the sperm and the egg Happens in the oviduct Happens in the oviduct (sperms journey) Haploid Gametes: Haploid Gametes: Sperm (23 chromosomes) Sperm (23 chromosomes) Egg (23 chromosomes) Egg (23 chromosomes) Combine to form a diploid (46 chromosomes) ZYGOTE Combine to form a diploid (46 chromosomes) ZYGOTE

All babies begin as a single fertilized cell that undergoes cell division as it moves down the fallopian tube for 3-5 days All babies begin as a single fertilized cell that undergoes cell division as it moves down the fallopian tube for 3-5 days Zygote divides

Journey of Egg Zygote continues to Journey along fallopian tube - about 4-5 days while the cell divides many times Zygote continues to Journey along fallopian tube - about 4-5 days while the cell divides many times 11 to 12 days after fertilization the zygote becomes a tiny ball of cells called an embryo 11 to 12 days after fertilization the zygote becomes a tiny ball of cells called an embryo Uterus prepares spongy lining for implantation of egg. Uterus prepares spongy lining for implantation of egg.

Implantation Implantation is where the blastocyst (ball of cells) attaches itself to the uterine lining Implantation is where the blastocyst (ball of cells) attaches itself to the uterine lining The embryo implants by secreting an enzyme to breakdown uterine cells as it burrows into the mother's uterus. The embryo implants by secreting an enzyme to breakdown uterine cells as it burrows into the mother's uterus.

Implantation of egg to womb (uterus) takes place 6 -7 days after fertilization. IF not, then menstrual cycle begins.

Detecting Pregnancy Chemical Test – 98% effective Chemical Test – 98% effective Morning Sickness – nausea due to change in hormones Morning Sickness – nausea due to change in hormones Ultra Sound – sound waves used to detect baby in the womb Ultra Sound – sound waves used to detect baby in the womb roundup.htm roundup.htm roundup.htm roundup.htm

Names during pregnancy Zygote = first cell Zygote = first cell Embryo = weeks Embryo = weeks Fetus = weeks 9 until birth Fetus = weeks 9 until birth

What happens during pregnancy? Once implantation occurs, the formation of most internal organs and external body structures begin. Once implantation occurs, the formation of most internal organs and external body structures begin.

All cells of the body are classified as one of three types Ectoderm- the outer layer. Ectoderm- the outer layer. become the nervous system and skin become the nervous system and skin Endoderm - the inner layer of cells Endoderm - the inner layer of cells form the lining of the digestive and respiratory tract, parts of the liver, pancreas and many other organs Mesoderm - forms from an out pouching of the inner layer tissue of the endoderm. Mesoderm - forms from an out pouching of the inner layer tissue of the endoderm. form muscle, bone, blood and connective tissue. form muscle, bone, blood and connective tissue.

Placenta – babe’s house in mom What is it? The placenta is an organ attached to the lining of your womb during pregnancy What does it do? It keeps unborn baby’s blood supply separate from mothers blood supply, as well as providing a link between the two.

prevents the ovaries from releasing eggs prevents the ovaries from releasing eggs stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone continuously. stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone continuously. carries oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus and wastes from fetus to mother through the umbilical cord carries oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus and wastes from fetus to mother through the umbilical cord

Connects placenta to baby Amnion: membrane surrounding baby w/ amniotic fluid inside to cushion m/adam htm m/adam htm Umbilical Cord: a. connects babies navel to placenta b. 2 arteries – take wastes away from body c. 1 vein – brings “goodies” into baby

Embryo takes shape: Organ formation begins about 3 weeks after fertilization The area will then begin to develop the brain and spinal cord (neural tube). Embryo takes shape – first two weeks

Week 2-4 heart and major blood vessels begin to develop by about day 16 or 17. Beats beats per minute heart begins to pump fluid through blood vessels by day 20, and the first red blood cells appear the next day. Blood vessels continue to develop in the embryo and placenta

Week 5-9 By the sixth week from fertilization tiny fingers appear, followed within days by the toes. By the sixth week from fertilization tiny fingers appear, followed within days by the toes. By the seventh week the baby has individual fingerprints. By the seventh week the baby has individual fingerprints. Almost all organs are completely formed by about 8 weeks after fertilization Almost all organs are completely formed by about 8 weeks after fertilization 9 weeks from the last menstrual period (7 weeks from conception) 9 weeks from the last menstrual period (7 weeks from conception) 9 weeks 42 days

Week weeks – sex can be identified 14 weeks – sex can be identified

20 weeks Head hair, eyebrows. eyelashes and nails are growing. Head hair, eyebrows. eyelashes and nails are growing. To protect the baby's skin from prolonged contact with the amniotic fluid, a greasy substance called vernix covers the body. To protect the baby's skin from prolonged contact with the amniotic fluid, a greasy substance called vernix covers the body.

the baby will gain weight and will develop a layer of fat beneath the skin. the baby will gain weight and will develop a layer of fat beneath the skin. receive maternal antibodies against some infections receive maternal antibodies against some infections Women feel movements within week Women feel movements within week Full term weeks. Full term weeks. Feeding the growing fetus

Changes in Mom 1. Emotional – hormones change 2. urinary bladder is squished 3. other abdominal organs are crowded 4. weight changes (ideally no more than 24 pounds gained) 5. Breasts enlarge 6. Lactation – milk production

Labor Position of baby during labor varies: Lengthwise 99% Lengthwise 99% a. head down / face up – most common b. face down (5.5 %) c. Sideways (1 %) d. Breech (3.5%) e. Caesarean Birth also known as a C- section

Three stages

First Stage - Labor Early or latent phase - Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is 100 percent effaced and dilated to 10 centimeters Early or latent phase - Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is 100 percent effaced and dilated to 10 centimeters Average length ranges from hrs Average length ranges from hrs

Active Phase Regular contractions become longer, stronger and closer together. Recommend going to the hospital when contractions are 5 minutes apart and last 60 seconds. Regular contractions become longer, stronger and closer together. Recommend going to the hospital when contractions are 5 minutes apart and last 60 seconds. Amnionic Sac – bag of water breaks, 1 – 1.5 qt. – time to go to hospital Amnionic Sac – bag of water breaks, 1 – 1.5 qt. – time to go to hospital

Transition phase Most difficult and shortest – 30 minutes to two hours. Most difficult and shortest – 30 minutes to two hours. Cervix opens from 7 – 10 cm and baby descends into the birth canal. Cervix opens from 7 – 10 cm and baby descends into the birth canal.

Second stage – baby is born. Begins when the cervix is completely effaced and dilated and ends with the birth of the baby. Begins when the cervix is completely effaced and dilated and ends with the birth of the baby. Average length for a first time mother ranges from 1 to-2 hours and shorter for subsequent births Average length for a first time mother ranges from 1 to-2 hours and shorter for subsequent births

Third Stage – after birth Begins with the birth of the baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta. Begins with the birth of the baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta. Average length for all vaginal deliveries ranges from minutes. Average length for all vaginal deliveries ranges from minutes.

What treatments are given during birth if want too? Pain killers Pain killers Epideral – needle in your spine Epideral – needle in your spine htm htm

Once born Umbilical cord is cut using a clamp Umbilical cord is cut using a clamp 20 minutes later the placenta and cut umbilical cord are pushed out by the uterus (after birth) 20 minutes later the placenta and cut umbilical cord are pushed out by the uterus (after birth)

Apgar Test Tests done once baby is born Tests done once baby is born

Lactation Milk Secretion Milk Secretion 1. Prolactin hormone starts milk production right after birth 2. actual milk comes in 2 days Advantages to breast feeding contain proper nutrition at right temp. right price – cost effective Contains what mom eats and drinks

Abrupt changes for baby 1. temperature change 2. lungs begin to be used 3. food getting 4. waste disposal 5. blood circulation

Problems during Pregnancy Anemia – not enough blood cells circulating in the mother's blood. Anemia – not enough blood cells circulating in the mother's blood. Fairly Common – two types 1 - dilutional anemia - increase of circulating blood sometimes up to 40-50% in order to sustain the growing baby. 1 - dilutional anemia - increase of circulating blood sometimes up to 40-50% in order to sustain the growing baby. 2 - iron deficiency anemia - when a woman's iron-level is insufficient and red blood cells aren't being made in a great enough level. Treatment – take iron supplements Treatment – take iron supplements

Pre-eclampsia Only happens when pregnant high blood pressure high blood pressure protein in the urine protein in the urine an increased swelling in the legs and feet. an increased swelling in the legs and feet. Symptoms persistent headaches persistent headaches flashing light flashing light blurred vision and seeing spots blurred vision and seeing spots upper abdominal pain upper abdominal pain sudden excessive lower leg swelling sudden excessive lower leg swelling Treatment is often bedrest and monitor baby’s blood pressure

Group B Strep: Bacteria – many carry without developing infection or illness. Bacteria – many carry without developing infection or illness. is the leading cause of infections in newborns. (Not group A strep which is strep throat). Doctors find Group B Strep through cultures during pregnancy. Can be treated by giving antibiotics during labor so infection does not pass to baby Can be treated by giving antibiotics during labor so infection does not pass to baby

Gestational Diabetes: develops during pregnancy, when a woman's body is not making enough insulin. Develops usually in second trimester. Develops usually in second trimester. Cannot be treated by pills, most treatment is through diet or insulin. Cannot be treated by pills, most treatment is through diet or insulin.

Low Birth Weight: Caused by poor nutrition, substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, drugs). Can be an effect of a STD, other contagious diseases, or no pre-natal care. Can be an effect of a STD, other contagious diseases, or no pre-natal care. When a baby is born pre-maturely, it stays in the hospital for up to four months. When a baby is born pre-maturely, it stays in the hospital for up to four months. Babies who are born at a low birth rate run the risk of respiratory infections, blindness, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, and heart infections. Babies who are born at a low birth rate run the risk of respiratory infections, blindness, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, and heart infections.