WHAT IS CONSERVATION? Aldo Leopold developed the Land Ethic in the Sand County Almanac (1949.) He defined Conservation as “a state of harmony between men and land.” Land stewardship starts with understanding that a Community includes not just humans, but also soils, waters, plants, and animals. CONSERVATION means we should care for the forest and pass it on to the next generation intact, restored, and better.

Decisions on Black Forest future LANDOWNERS decide, depending on information, preferences, and choices CONTRACTORS influence outcomes, by knowledge, interests, and capabilities FIRST CRITERION SHOULD BE: DOES THE ACTION SUPPORT CONSERVATION?

Is this forest conservation?

Black Forest future = Choices Grassland or Conversion to grass? or Forest + grass? Restore Forest As a natural ecosystem? or for Aesthetics?

Black Forest future = Choices Grassland or PLENTY ELSEWHERE NOT THE NATIVE CONDITION HERE OVER-REACTION TO THE FIRE CHEAP and QUICK FIX Restore Forest FORESTS ARE SPECIAL … for living in … special ingredients … unique environment … enhanced aesthetics … land values RESTORATION CAN BE THOUGHTFUL, CAREFUL, AFFORDABLE, PHASED

Black Forest future = Choices Grassland or Forest?

Black Forest future = Choices A future grassland? A future forest?

Black Forest future = YOUR choice Grassland? or IF THIS IS YOUR CHOICE CONSIDER PLANTING 50% WITH FOREST AND CONSIDER ADDING NATURAL FOREST ELEMENTS BACK Restore Forest? IF THIS IS YOUR CHOICE Add FOREST STEWARDSHIP And you are into PRACTICING CONSERVATION

#1. Understand NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS Relationships of life and ecology over 1000’s of years: SOILS -- FROM HILLTOPS TO VALLEY BOTTOMS SOIL LIFE – FUNGI, ETC WATER, weather, growing season VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE LOW VEGETATION – GRASSES, SHRUBS HIGH FOREST – STRUCTURAL STAGES DURING LIFETIME MOSAICS ON THE LANDSCAPE – meadows, forest TERRAIN – ASPECT, SLOPE % WILDLIFE – SMALL MAMMALS, DEER/ ELK, BIRDS, INSECTS. “Get to know your Community.”

Natural regeneration SOILS IN BLACK FOREST HAVE A THIN “A” HORIZON, BUT DEEP TREE ROOTS

Even dead trees hold snow

Add a CONSERVATION APPROACH CHOOSE TO RESTORE A NATURAL FOREST 1. USE WHAT YOU HAVE AFTER THE FIRE 2. INVENTORY and STUDY your landscape Forest – tree conditions (dead, alive, scorched) and wood uses Meadows / understory -- native plants recovering Noxious weeds? Patterns, mosaics, diversity Erosion – sheet or gully, sediment deposits Special areas to protect 3. INVENTORY YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD (as above)

Forest ecosystem spatial arrangements

Burn mosaic BURN MOSAIC

Learn CONSERVATION Study NRCS Land Rehabilitation FAQ’s + CSFS pubs 1. Not cutting down all the trees 2. Fire-killed trees hazards 3. Are trees dead or alive? 4. Uses for cut burned trees – how long is wood okay? 5. Replanting trees 6. Treatments to educe erosion and runoff 7. Using mulch to reduce erosion 8. Contour log felling and straw wattles 9. Reseeding grasses Keep up weekly learning in Black Forest News Sign up for Black Forest Conservation Assoc. info.

Wildlife trees may fall years later

Black Forest conservation questions IS “NEAT AND CLEAN” A SIGN OF A GOOD JOB? Or a sign of grassland conversion? And unnecessary costs? IS MORE WORK AND ACTIVITY BENEFICIAL? CAN BURN CLEANUP AND RECOVERY WORK BE DIRECTED TO ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION? WILL MAINTENANCE BE REQUIRED? IS CONSERVATION CHEAP? Or EXPENSIVE?

BURNED TREE REMOVALS PLAN THE LANDSCAPE FIRST – MAP, SKETCH Inventory all elements important to you AND methods to use Terrain, watershed, vegetation, trees, meadows MARK AREAS TO CLEAR AND TO NOT CUT INCLUDE RETAINED DEAD TREE CLUSTERS For habitat, windbreaks, snow, shade, and micro-environments MARK OFF-LIMIT AREAS, SUCH AS MEADOWS DETERMINE WOOD USES, RETENTION OF SLASH DETERMINE FUTURE TREE PLANTING AREAS, CLUMPS, SPECIES

High Impact practices can lead to -- Landscape uniformity, lack of diversity -- Susceptibility to erosion, loss of soil, leading to unhealthy vegetation and landscapes -- Destroyed meadows/ wetlands/ biodiversity -- Churned up natural vegetation -- Destroyed underground biomass and structure -- Loss of above ground structure and wildlife habitat -- Easy noxious weed invasion -- Use of non-native grass seed/ invasive vegetation -- Earthmoving and seeding issues

Too clean and on a slope

Setting up erosion

PRACTICES to copy – Low Impact EXPECT THE “IMPERFECT”, but organized actions Retain some groups of dead and scorched trees Allow for natural tree fall Retain some slash on slopes/ gullies for erosion control Leave logs for habitat and some erosion control Keep large wildlife snags, habitat slash piles Use mulch on bare ground Seed lightly with native grasses Stay off meadows Use chips in thin amounts Leave ground holes for animals (mark for safety)

BURNED TREE area methods LEAVE SCATTERED SLASH and WOOD DEBRIS PLACE SLASH PILES, LARGE AND SMALL For silt dams and habitat / wildlife cover/ micro-environments MULCH LIGHTLY AND SEED / RAKE BARE AREAS MONITOR FOR BARK BEETLES IN LIVE TREES RETAIN SOME LARGER TREES AND CLUSTERS For snags, for wildlife/ birds = perches and insect feeding CUT STUMPS GENERALLY LOW With exceptions for anchoring silt dams, shading seedlings - PLANT NATIVE TREE SPECIES AND SHRUBS - Only where you have good watering access

Floods, or erosion control?

Slash placed across slopes

Erosion dams in a gully

Old woody material is natural

Opportunity for beneficial use of logs

PLAN BEFORE ACTING PREPARE THE CONSERVATON PLAN Either do it yourself or hire a professional Include your neighbors if possible LIST PROJECTS TO PERFORM With THEIR PRIORITIES INCLUDE METHODS AND STANDARDS FOR EACH And your BUDGET IMPLEMENT PROJECTS IN STAGES Do them YOURSELF, or CONTRACT OUT KNOW WHAT YOU WANT AND EXPECT MONITOR RESULTS

THE BURN MOSAIC includes roads, house sites, wetlands, black, green, and scorched trees. A landscape neighborhood conservation plan can show potential for -- DEAD TREE GROUPS (see black) --GREEN TREES (blue) -- SCORCHED TREES (yellow) -- CORRIDORS AND EDGES – Tie together

CONTRACTING SUGGESTIONS PLAN YOUR PROJECT BEFORE HIRING CONTRACTOR -- HAVE DETAILED DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS. Be ready to DISCUSS YOUR BUDGET LIMITS. -- Possibly hire a forest project contract manager. -- This could be an experienced professional forester.

PITFALLS of per-acre pricing May lead to non-conservation results and less variety: -- fast-fix grassland conversion (no forest) -- too clean, based on “quality” standards, -- landowner or contractor expecting “perfect” job Solution A: Study, plan, mark, and layout the project, define what to be cut/ treated, slash treatments, erosion methods, and specifications with map, and get 3 bids for the project. Solution B: Pay a rate per tree by tree size, limited project. Solution C: Pay by the hour for labor and equipment use, using a trusted contractor.

CONSERVATION APPROACH Don’t be in a rush Learn about your land and Black Forest environment, and how to bring the forest back Check out contractors’ jobs, and do-it-yourself Be aware of your neighborhood and get involved SHARE YOUR IDEAS AND RESULTS!

Contact information Len Lankford Consulting Forester Lankford Foresters, Inc, and Greenleaf Forestry and Wood Products, Inc. Phone See Len’s bio and info on community-based forestry at: Website: