1. Chapter 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach

2. Fig. 10-2, p. 192 Alteration of natural chemical cycles and energy flows Indirect Effects Loss of Biodiversity Climate change Human Population Size and resource use Human Activities Agriculture, industry, economic production and consumption, recreation Changes in number and distribution of species Pollution of air, water, and soil Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems Direct Effects

3. Human Impact on Terrestrial Biodiversity Why should we care?  Intrinsic value:  Instrumental value:

4. Managing and Sustaining Forests 3 types of forests based on age:  Old-growth forests:  Second growth forests:  Tree plantation or tree farms:  Governments own 84% of forests

5. Fig. 10-6, p. 195 5 Clear cut Weak trees removed Seedlings planted Years of growth 30 15 25 10

6. Fig. 10-4, p. 193 Support energy flow and chemical cycling Reduce soil erosion Absorb and release water Purify water and air Influence local and regional climate Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitats Forests Natural Capital Fuelwood Lumber Pulp to make paper Mining Livestock grazing Recreation Jobs Economic Services Ecological Services

7. Managing and Sustaining Forests Estimate: worlds forests are being cleared or degraded exponentially at a rate of 0.3-0.8%/year.  Most is used for fuel wood in developing countries. Ex- Haiti used to be covered in forests but now only 2% of land is covered in trees.

8. Managing and Sustaining Forests Solutions:  1. Plant small plantations of fast growing fuel wood trees and shrubs (community forest)  2. Burn wood more efficently by providing people with cheap, more efficient and less polluting wood stoves or solar ovens.  3. start burning renewable sun-dried roots of various plants

9. Managing and Sustaining Forests Harvesting trees  Causes damage by: Building roads Increases erosion Sediment runoff Habitat fragmentation Biodiversity loss Invasion of non-native species, pests, disease

10. Harvesting Trees Trees can be harvested individually from diverse forests (selective cutting), an entire forest can be cut down (clear cutting), or portions of the forest is harvested (e.g. strip cutting). Figure 10-9

11. Fig. 10-7, p. 196 Decreased soil fertility from erosion Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems Premature extinction of species with specialized niches Loss of habitat for native species and migratoryspecies such as birds and butterflies Regional climate change from extensive clearing Release of CO 2 into atmosphere Acceleration of flooding Natural Capital Degradation Deforestation

12. Fig. 10-12, p. 199 Identify and protect forest areas high in biodiversity Grow more timber on long rotations Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes Cease logging of old-growth forests Prohibit fragmentation of remaining large blocks offorest Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling Certify timber grown by sustainable methods Include ecological services of forests in estimating their economic value Plant tree plantations on deforested and degraded land Shift government subsidies from harvesting trees to planting trees Sustainable Forestry Solutions

13. Managing and Sustaining Forests Forest Fires  Surface fires: Advantages: help prevent worse fires, release nutrients, release some seeds, and control pathogens  Crown fires: Can kill wildlife  Prescribed fires: Helps clear leaf litter.

14. Fig. 10-14, p. 202 Helps meet country’s timber needs Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities Trade-Offs Provides only 4% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational opportunities DisadvantagesAdvantages Logging in U.S. National Forests

15. Tropical Rainforest Deforestation and Degradation Deforested to:  Build infrastructure  Set up cattle ranches/crops  Logging  FYI: loose 50,000-170,000 km/yr. Less then 5% of TRF are managed sustainably Why should they be protected  Medicines!!!

16. Fig. 10-20, p. 207 Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation easements Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Restoration Reforestation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests Prevention

17. Managing and Sustaining Grasslands Rangelands: Pastures: Grazers are main problem  As long as only the upper half of the grass blade is eaten then grass is a renewable resource  Overgrazing:  Undergrazing:

18. Managing and Sustaining Grasslands Solutions:  Control the number of grazing animals and the duration of their grazing in a given area. Rotational grazing:  Suppress the growth of unwanted invader plants  Replanting native seeds to barren areas can restore rangelands but can be expensive

19. National Parks There are more then 1,100 national parks larger then 4 sq miles located in 120 countries Only 1% of Parks in developing countries are actually protected.