Immigrants or citizens? Distinguishing immigrant settlement areas from ethnically diverse residential areas Ludi Simpson BSPS Annual Conference Manchester, th September

Are ethnic concentrations and immigrant integration related? Academic history and theory –Enclaves and ghettos: do not depend on international migration –Immigrant integration: does not depend on geographical de-concentration Political and common views –The pace of immigration has created such large concentrations of immigrants that there remain culturally separate enclaves which cannot integrate

Current knowledge Evidence of settlement patterns –Some areas receive more immigration, than others –Central city, cheaper housing, employment- led regions Evidence of dispersal –Internal movement of minorities is away from areas of highest concentration of minorities

Census data to measure three different concepts of ‘immigrant’ The event of immigration ( ?) –Immigrated to UK in year before census A person who has immigrated in their lifetime ( ?) –Born outside UK A person whose recent ancestors have immigrated (x?) –Ethnic groups other than White British

Questions How closely correlated are the geography of immigration, life-time migrants, and ethnicity? Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be measured by ‘concentrations of minority ethnic groups’? Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an area to which another group disperses?

Geography of immigration and ethnic group Immigration as % of group's local 2001 population Minorities White Areas allocated to deciles of increasing % minorities 175,434 OAs 1 Lowest % minorities (1%)2.8%0.3% 23.3%0.6% 33.6%1.1% 43.6%1.6% 53.1%1.7% 62.5%1.7% 71.8%1.3% 81.7%1.1% 91.5%1.0% 10 Highest % minorities (85%)1.2%1.0% 2001 Census, table KS24

Recent immigration, birthplace, and ethnic group: Geographies from 2001 census (2001 5% SAM) Immigrated last year Immigrated before last year Ethnic group total sample(=100%) Concen -trationOther Concen -trationOther Concen- trationOther White British.03%.05%1.4%2.1%1,136,1391,138,393 White Irish.21%.16%1.8%1.6%16,02216,104 Other White10.52%9.55%73.0%66.4%33,52533,964 Indian1.22%2.44%52.4%51.1%24,81926,874 Pakistani.94%1.42%41.9%45.4%17,61018,209 Bangladeshi.64%.86%53.6%53.4%7,6356,379 Caribbean.45%.77%40.3%42.4%14,12313,859 African1.7%4.76%61.6%64.2%12,21411,523 Chinese5.95%5.54%66.3%64.0%5,6485,505 Other8.45%14.53%74.1%71.4%5,5395,518

Correlations of group immigration with group population born in UK Lifetime immigration immigration White British Irish Other White Mixed White/Black Mixed Other Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Caribbean African Chinese Other Unit: local authority Variables each expressed as % of local authority total population Source: SAM 5% sample from 2001 census

Three approaches to distinguish a) minority immigrant settlement areas, b) immigrant dispersal areas, c) other areas Measurement of current minority population a)High minority population now, 2001 b)Moderate minority population now, 2001 Measurement of change in minority population a)High past minority population, in 1991 b)Other areas, with fastest absolute growth of minority population, Direct measurement of migration (C0772) a)Highest past minority immigration, NCWP or non-White (45 districts) b)Other areas, currently gaining minorities through internal migration, of 20+ in (139 districts)

Three classifications of settlement/dispersal/other districts

Agreement between three approaches for specific districts Settlement areas –full agreement for 37 of 45 Birmingham, Blackburn, Bradford, Coventry, Kirklees, Leicester, Luton, Manchester, Nottingham, Sandwell, Slough, Wolverhampton and 25 London Boroughs –Walsall, Bolton, Cardiff, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle had high minority immigration, but not so high ethnic concentration in 1991 or –Preston, Pendle, Watford, Barking, Oadby-Wigston, City of London had high 2001 minority concentration in 2001, but not so high immigration Dispersal areas –full agreement for 69 of 139 –Peterborough, Gloucester: middling concentrations with high minority growth 91-01, but not internal minority migration gain Other areas –full agreement for 123 of 192

Can the same district play both roles: settlement and dispersal? Neither settlement (>200 immigrants ) nor dispersal (>50 net internal migration) for any group (282 out of 376 Districts) Immigration >200 for one group only (11 districts) BradfordPakistani LambethBlack African Immigration >200 for 2+ groups (3 districts) BrentBlack African BrentIndian Net internal migration >50 for one group only (39 districts) Oadby and WigstonIndian4964 Reigate and BansteadBlack Caribbean2151 BexleyBlack African92377

Net internal migration >50 for 2+ groups (39 districts) Barking and DagenhamBangladeshi554 Barking and DagenhamBlack African Barking and DagenhamBlack Caribbean23159 Barking and DagenhamPakistani3384 SuttonBlack African8093 SuttonBlack Caribbean38103 SuttonIndian9592 SuttonPakistani15109 Settlement some groups, dispersal others (8 districts) SheffieldBlack African32812 SheffieldChinese32416 SheffieldIndian160239

Both settlement and dispersal for same group(s) (4 districts) GreenwichBlack African ManchesterBlack African ManchesterChinese ManchesterIndian ManchesterPakistani29184 Mixture of settlement, dispersal and dual roles (15 districts) Leicester UABlack African Leicester UAIndian Leicester UAPakistani7976 BirminghamBlack African BirminghamBlack Caribbean BirminghamChinese42746 BirminghamIndian BirminghamPakistani872-9

Answers How closely correlated are the geography of immigration, life-time migrants, and ethnicity? –Strongly when absolute numbers are considered. –Minority immigration is proportionally less to concentrations than to other areas. Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be measured by ‘concentrations of minority ethnic groups’? –Fairly closely but some exceptions (Barking; Oadby) –Geographical scale to be investigated Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an area to which another group disperses? –Yes –Far more nuanced interpretations are possible, and necessary when particular places are referred to

Geography of immigration and ethnic group Immigration as % of group's local 2001 population Immigration intoMinorities White areas allocated to deciles of increasing % minorities OAs 8850 wards OAs 8850 wards 1 Lowest % minorities2.8%3.4%0.3% 23.3%3.9%0.6% 33.6% 1.1%0.9% 43.6%3.0%1.6%1.3% 53.1%2.6%1.7%1.6% 62.5%2.3%1.7%1.6% 71.8%1.6%1.3% 81.7%1.6%1.1%1.3% 91.5%1.6%1.0%1.1% 10 Highest % minorities1.2%1.4%1.0%1.1% 2001 Census, table KS24