The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop S.M.Mirzababaei Tehran University In the name of GOD

History 2000 BC - Abacuses 1614 AD - Slide Rules 1640 AD - Adding Machine 1671 AD - Calculating Machine 1745 AD - Jacquard Machine 1812 AD - Differential Machine 1822 AD - Analytic Machine (Charles Babbage) 1937 AD - Mark AD - ENIAC 1949 AD - EDVAC 1951 AD - UNIVAC 1953 AD - IBM 2The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Computer Generations 1 st : Electro Mechanical –10 3 Instruction Per Second 2 nd : Transistor Based –10 6 Instruction Per Second 3 rd : IC Based –10 9 Instruction Per Second 4 th : VLSI Based –10 12 Instruction Per Second 5 th : Artificial Intelligence, Optical Systems, Wireless Communications, … 3The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Essential Parts Vacuum Tubes Resistor Capacitor Relay Transistor ICs Diode Crystals Some Sensors LEDs & LCDs … 4The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Bytes & Gates Wire States: –Analog –Digital Multi States: 0,1, 2, 3, 4, … –Binary Digital One (1), Zero (0), High Impedance (Z) Important Gates are: –AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR, XNOR 1 bit = one binary digit 4 bits = 1 Nibble 8 bits = 1 Byte 16 bits = 1 Word 32 bits = a double word 64 bits = a quad word 5The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Intels 80x86 Family µProcessors  Z  8088,  (µControllers) (Protected Mode)  (Full Protected Mode)  –80386DX, SX i486 ( ) OverDrive –i486DX,SX, i487SX, DX/2, DX/4, DX/5 Pentium –MMX Pentium Pro Pentium II Celeron/ Xeon Pentium III –Processor Unique ID Pentium IV Pentium D Dual Core/Core Duo/Core 2 Duo/Centrino/ Intel M Tech Quad Core/Hex Core/Oct Core (Westmere,Nehalem) Multi Cores Many Cores 6The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Other µProcessor Families FreeScale PPC401 –Apple/Motorola/IBM IBM Cell Engine –Dual Hammer Mode FreeScale/STI Cell Engine / Play Station 3 GPGPUs / 2.1 Billion Tr/Chip Single Precision/ Dual Precision –Catrina /Rita 2006 Super Computers –Blue Gene/L/C/P/Q –Earth Simulator –Road Runner –IRIMO Software –Google’s Map/Reduce Model –Cooperative Parallelism MPI, PVM, Charm++ 7The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Parallel Processing Micro Computers Workstations Mini Computers Computers & Main Frames IDCs vs. HPCs Super Computers –Clusters –MPPs –Constellations Grid Computing –Volunteer Computing –BOINC Cloud Computing –Google App Engine Pervasive Computing –Aura / –Sixth Sense –… 8The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

PC Family IBM –PC –XT –AT  ISA –PS/2 (Micro Channel Architecture) … –EISA VESA –Local Bus Intel –PCI Multi voltage, Multi Bus Width, Multi Speed –PCI –X –PCI Express –AGP 9The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Memories ROM RAM RAM Buffering ECC/FEC –64/72/80 Bits Data Bus, 10The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

ROM MROM PROM(27xx) –EPROM (OTP) EPROM (UV)(27xx) EEPROM (E 2 PROM)(28xx) FE 2 PROM(28Fxx, 29xx) –Charge Pump –SD/ MMC/ Sony’s Magic Gate/ … –Solid State HardDisks Size, Price, Life Time, … 11The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

ROM Contents POST INIT Configuration –Ascii Table & font –Plug & Play Boot Strap Setup Program BIOS Dual Bios 12The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

RAM SRAM (61xx,62xx) –Cache Memory (L1/L2/L3) –NVRAM –VRAM (Dual Port RAM) (Samsung’s WRAM) DRAM(41xx) FPM EDO SDRAM/PBSRAM/RDRAM/SGRAM DDR/DDR2/DDR3/ –Double Data Rate-Double Pumped-Dual Pumped-Double Transition QDR/GDDR2/GDDR3/GDDR4/GDDR5 PS3’s XDR = DDR2 = GDDR4 MDDR CAS Latency/t RAS to CAS Delay/t RAS Precharge/t Row Access Stroke Packaging –DIP/SIP –SIMM/DIMM/EBDIMM 13The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Interface Parts Direct Memory Access (8237) Programmable Interval Timer (8253,8254) Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259) –IRQs Real Time Clock (M48T86PC1) Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255) USART, UART (8250/8251/16450/16550) Floppy Controller (8271) ChipSet (82284, …, 82371,82439, PC87306B) –Above Chips + Glue Circuits + Appropriate Buffers + Bridges PCI Chipsets –430HX, TX, … 14The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Keyboard Mouse Joy-Sticks Printers –Laser Jet/ Bubble Jet/ Ink Jet Plotters Digitizers Scanners Touch Screens … The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop 15

Peripheral Devices Serial Port –Start Bit –Stop Bit (1, 1.5, 2) –Parity Bit –Speed –Byte Wide Example –8n1, 7e2, … 16The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Parallel Port IEEE1284 –SPP –PS/2 –EPP –ECP DMA Hand Shaking 17The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices RS232C –Carrier Detect –Rxd –Txd –Data Terminal Ready –Ground –Data Set Ready –Request To Send –Clear To Send –Ring Indicator 0,1  +12v, -12v D type connector 18The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Modems –Half Duplex, Full Duplex –MNP1,2,3,4,5 Error Correction Codes and Error Detection Codes Data Compression –Asymmetric Transition in 56.7Kbps Modems E1 Lines –ADSL –ITU: V standards 19The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Fax –V bps, V.29, V.27, V21 –Fax Groups I, II, III, IV –Class I, Class II (binary file transfers, and unattended fax transmission) Voice Modems AT Commands Summary –ATZ, ATH, ATL, ATS, ATD, ATX, ATU, ATO, +Fclass, +++, … 20The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Sound Card –Frequency Modulation Synthesizer –DSP –Mixer –Wave Tables –PCM, ADPCM –Sound Parameters Mono, Stereo Sampling Rate Sampling Size Sampling Time –Sound Volume on Disk –File Formats MID, Wav, MP3, … 21The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Microphones –Piezo Electric –Electro Magnetic –Carbon Speakers –Tweeters –Ordinaries –Sub Woofers 22The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs) Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Plasma Display Panel (PDPs) Electro Luminescence Display (ELDs) Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs) Field Emission Displays (FEDs) 23The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs) –Horizontal Signal and Vertical Signal –Interlacing and non Interlacing –Coloring –Canonic Rays –Calibrated Colors –X-Ray –Dot Pitch –Refresh Rate, … –Resolution –Flat Screens 24The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) –Active and Passive –Polarization –Coloring –View Angle –Speed –Power Consumption –Weight 25The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Peripheral Devices Graphic Card –Controller –DDC Line and PnP –α Channel –Text and Graphic Modes (AN, APA) –Screen Size and its Memory Requirement –Accelerators (MPEG,3D, …) –MultiMonitoring 26The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

USB Half Duplex USB 1, 1.1, 2, 3 –Transfer Rate, 1.5 (Low Speed,1K5D-), 12(Full Speed, 1K5D+), 480(High Speed), 4800 Mbps (Super Speed, 2010) Host/Device/OTG –OHCI/ UHCI/ EHCI Classes –MSD, CDC, Style Image, Printer, HID, HUB,... SCSI Stack Hot Plug Plug & Play Power Consumption Cable Length, D+/D-, Vcc, GND –NRZ, JK States 126 Devices Signaling –Enumeration, Configuration –Transactions: Control, Isochronous, Interrupt, Bulk –End Points, Pipes, Frames 27The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

FireWire iLink, IEEE Mbps, 800 Mbps, 3.2 Gbps Master/Slave Read –5000 files, 300 MB 30% better than USB –160 files, 650 MB 70% better than USB Write –5000 files, 300 MB 16% better than USB –160 files, 650 MB 48% better than USB 28The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Wireless Technologies Infra Red (Line of Sight) Blue Tooth GSM, UMTS, EUMTS(Mobile 4G) WiFi/WLAN WiMAX The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Infra Red Straight P2P Remote Control Far (10um, warm), Near (0.5 um, cold) IrdA Serial Port Stack TxD & RxD SIR up to 115kbps MIR up to mbps FIR up to 4mbps VFIR up to 16 mbps XP Support: IrLPT, IrOBEX, ImageIrTran_P, IrCOMM, IrNET 30The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Blue Tooth Ericson Company, Sony, IBM, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, … Peer To Peer Spread spectrum to Piconet PAN Dane King Privacy Issues Classes: –100 m, 10m, 1m 768 kbps Security –W/O –Before Connection –After Connection –Symmetric Encryption by 128 bits key 48 bits address IEEE The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access d IEEE a,b,g Up to 70 Mbps Up to 70 miles Line of Sight GHz Non Line of Sight 2-11 GHz Video on LAN Wireless MAN Ad hoc Networks 32The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Storage Devices Floppy Disk –5¼, 3½ –FAT Hard Disk –ESDI, ST506 –Drive Geometry CHS Large / LBA –Zone Bit/ Landing Zone/ Interleaving/ Pre Comp/ Auto Park –One Sided Buffer/2 Sided Buffers –ANSI X396.2 Committee –IDE/ EIDE Access Time, Data Transfer Rate –SCSI SCSI2,WideSCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra 2 –PCB Assembly, HAD, Clean Room 33The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Optical Drives AT Attachment –PATA, SATA –SATA, SATA II, SATA III Hot Plug, Driver, RAID, Low Cost, Air Cond., Cable Length CD Silver/Gold Double Sided/Single Sided WORM Super CD DVD +/- DVD Ram Blu Ray M/O Disks –Magnetism / Polarization / Warm Laser 34The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Disk Partitioning FDISK Format /S /U Active Partitioning Disk Assignment 35The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Network Topologies –Start, Bus, Ring IP vs X.25 Telnet, Ftp, Web, Gopher, Mail, Trackle, … VRML RFS, NFS,IPC, RPC File Servers, Print Servers Daemons PPP 36The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Operating Systems Script Programming History –Unix, VMS, DOS, PCMOS, Windows, NT, Linux Important Commands –Help, CD, Mkdir, Cat, Time, … Protected Mode OS Installation Script Programming Multi Task, Multi User, Real Time OS Remote Control –Windows, Linux, DOS Multi Boot Hypervisors –Type I, Type II 37The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Script Porgramming Linux Shell Script Windows Script Programming DOS Batch Files 38The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop