Changing institutional landscapes for wind power implementation. an international comparison Aberdeen, February 21 st 2008 Seminar: “Explaining National Variations in Wind Power Deployment” Sylvia Breukers Utrecht University

Table of Contents: Seminar topic International comparison: findings International comparison: concluding remarks Seminar topic: international comparisons & conceptual frameworks

Seminar topic: International comparative research on deployment of wind power How to account for variations across countries and regions? Conceptual frameworks used to study wind energy developments?

Historical new-institutionalism Definition institutions: Formal and informal rules, norms, patterns that structure behaviour and interaction. Relate broad institutional conditions to local level contexts Address both purposive actors and/in relation to changing institutional contexts Institutions & actors: mutually constitutive

International comparison without losing sight of what happens at the (local) level of implementation Research focus: Wider structural conditions affecting local level approach of planning and project development Configuration of stakeholders at various levels and in policy formation

Multiple embedded case study

Netherlands * England± * North Rhine Westphalia ± * Including near-and offshore Wind power implementation: large differences (MW):

1.Stakeholders’ arguments about whether and how wind power is to be implemented - refer to structural conditions, relations and conflicts 2. Institutional context & changes: policy domains: a) Energy domain b) Spatial Planning c) Environmental Policy 3. Policy community: early formation network; consolidation; grass-roots; government commitment; mobilisation support Single case level:

Combined, per case: chronological account of how wind power implementation occurred through the interactions between actors, and how support has been mobilised at various levels (local to national) within the context of changing institutional arrangements In addition: Q-sort analysis across the cases

Cross-comparison: 1. Differences or similarities between the cases in institutional capacity building? 2. How to account for variation? 3. How does this variation relate to variation in implementation? 4. What other influences?

Some findings: Similarities England and Netherlands: Early focus national policy on large-scale National policy favored large developers (e- sector) Little recognition for local social, economic, environmental and planning aspects Developers ’ strategy: few incentives to involve local stakeholders

No positive conditions for local project planning created; little support mobilised at local level. Effects of early choice: Many project proposals never built Resistance from early onwards

Netherlands, half/end nineties: Unintended consequence liberalisation: increase in locally owned projects and implementation England, since 2002: New policies, new expectations, problems at the level of implementation remain

Success North Rhine Westphalia (NRW), in terms of: Installed capacity (MW) Social acceptance of wind projects

Important factors: State and federal government supported local initiatives instead of channelling resources to the energy sector Feed-in tariff system: diversity, mobilisation private capital and of commitment (many projects in local ownership) Broad local commitment → no early rise opposition Early institutionalisation of environmental concern in society and politics Succes turbine industry & related → broadening of support

Effects of early policy focus: Many project proposals realised Early opposition precluded Successful mobilisation of support: Not only environmental, but also economic and industrial interest At different levels (from local to the national) Wind energy as: An environmentally acceptable energy source A new economic sector A socially acceptable alternative for conventional energy generation

NRW later: Fewer locally based projects Local support waning, resistance increasing, Decrease in implementation → but at a moment when an impressive level of installed capacity had already been reached.

Compared to England and the Netherlands: in NRW more has been achieved in a situation of less conflict Social and political embedding are crucial conditions for successful market development.

Similarities 3 cases: high level of general public support but resistance against specific projects ( ‘ Gap ’ public attitudes - local behaviour). Participative planning – beyond formal consultation – exception rather than rule Limited inquiry into the motivations behind opposition Trend to prioritize ‘ the common good ’ over local level concerns

Similarities --> underestimation importance local level-dynamics. Formal consultation on ready-made plans - insufficient to provide room for considering: Location and size Landscape values (subjective) Local social-economic interests (sharing costs and benefits)

Q-sort analysis: 4 perspectives across the three cases Similar issues across cases: Landscape values Participation in project planning, Role of local authorities Taking seriously the motivations behind opposition

Q-sort analysis also differences: England: most support for hierarchic perspective & most support for critical perspectives - polarisation NRW: most support for perspective that does acknowledge the relevance of local context

Ignoring or discarding diverging interests at the local level is not helping the social acceptance of and commitment to wind projects Participation: Relevant knowledge stakeholders Democratic legitimacy (process and outcome) Legitimacy through sharing costs and benefits (financial participation)

Seminar Topic: international comparative research on deployment of wind power Connecting broader institutional context to local-level achievements is useful to understand variations across countries/regions. Social acceptance at level of implementation is a necessary condition for a transition towards a more sustainable energy supply. …because renewables are contested

International comparative research on deployment of wind power: Similarities in issues across & within cases Similarities in mechanisms across cases

Conceptual frameworks used to study wind energy developments? Opportunities & limitations to combine research? Wind energy developments as part of broader systemic changes - understanding transitions towards a more sustainable energy supply

………… Thank you