Gender and Development – Practical approaches Gender Analysis Presented by: Jagriti Shankar Gender-KM Officer APMAS –Gender Sensitive Management Project Asian Institute of Technology

Overview What and Why of Gender Analysis Gender Analysis Frameworks and Tools

Learning Objectives After this session you should be able to: recognise the importance of gender analysis for project planning, implementation and evaluation use tools for gender analysis as part of development interventions

We learned so far.. Gender is a social construction depending upon time and culture Women’s and men’s division of labour and access and control over resources is different There is a global gender inequality in favour of men Men’s work = paid = considered more important Women’s work = unpaid= considered less important Due to gender discrimination women do not get their fair share of opportunities and benefits

Can development initiatives fail because they do not consider gender ?

Have a look at this development intervention (source: UNDP) We have brought Food for everyone, Go get from the tree.

Answer these Q. based on the Picture Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all animals? Does the same thing happens in development projects? Who will be able to get the Food? What should be done instead?

Implicit Assumptions of Development Programs Assumptions during Project design and implementation: Men are the head of household -> Project activities for economic benefits should focus men Housework or child care is not much efforts -> Women can handle outside work with house work, women’s priorities go unnoticed Women do care work -> Interventions related to family health should focus women Development benefits will automatically reach women

What is Gender Analysis Gender analysis is a tool to better understand the different social, economic, cultural and political realities of women and men, girls and boys. At its core is understanding culture (underlying values, norms and beliefs), expressed in the construction of gender identities and inequalities. (Word Fish)

Goals of Gender Analysis Better understand our community (women, men, girls and boys) Get better results from development programs

What Gender Analysis Will Provide? Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and Control of Resources Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for development policy and implementation Specific gender disaggregated statistics A Review of Women’s Priorities, Women’s Practical Needs and Strategic Interest and ways to address them A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics Absence of GA propose high risk of program failure, less success or reinforce inequity

Some examples A gender analysis of health program will inform you how inequalities disadvantage women’s health, the constraints women face, ways to overcome constraints. A gender analysis of women worker’s situations, their needs, work places, wages, market trends will provide practical information to advocate for all (women and men) worker’s rights A gender analysis of product supply chain will tell you women’s involvement at different stages in the supply chain so to increase their visibility and gain economic benefits A gender analysis of water project will inform you where women collect water, what should be done to increase women’s access to safe water

When to conduct a Gender Analysis Gender Analysis should/can be undertaken at any/all stages of a program/project cycle, including: Identification of the project; Planning or design of the activity; Implementation; and Monitoring and evaluation of program

Who should do gender analysis Government Policy makers Donors Program Managers Development Staff Field workers, etc. GA should be participatory involving key stakeholders from the field where the intervention is to take place Gender Analysis can be conducted through a variety of Tools and Frameworks

How To Do Gender Analysis Collect Relevant Data: Sex–disaggregated information for analysis (Who does what? Gender roles, responsibilities, priorities of men and women both within and outside the household? Who has what? Who controls what?) Identify Relevant Gender Issues (women’s and men’s practical needs and strategic interests) Understand the institutional, economic, social, and political contexts (What are the differences, constraints, influences, power dynamics between women and men?) Understand the priorities and needs of both men and women affected by the project (what do they need/want?)

Gender Analysis Frameworks Gender roles framework (Harvard) Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser) Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren Levy) Gender analysis matrix (GAM) Equality and empowerment framework (Sara Longwe) Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA) People oriented planning framework (POP) Social relations framework (SRF) A Standardized format that guide you to do GA Frameworks are only tools, you have to decide how to confront the situation Frameworks can be combined according to particular situations The frameworks address different aspects of gender equality and therefore are useful in different situations. Harvard and Moser are particularly useful when analysing the division of labour in agriculture and in urban settings; Levy is useful for gender mainstreaming in institutions; GAM is useful when assessing gender differential impacts of projects at community level; Longwe is useful for assessment of empowerment of women due to interventions in all sectors; CVA deals mainly with humanitarian and disaster preparedness issues; POP is an expanded version of Harvard, dealing mainly with refugee issues; SRF is useful when dealing with sustainable development and institutional change Harvard framework was developed at Harvard university. It is also called the Gender Roles Framework, was developed by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the Women In Development office of USAID, and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholtand others. It was one of the earliest of such frameworks.[7] The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men, which will make development more efficient – a position named the “efficiency approach" Harvard framework informs planners about the situations, roles, resources, various social, economical and political influencing factors and on the basis of this overall information, planners can design better and efficient projects It improves the visibility because it generates the sex dissegrated data

Harvard framework - 1 Can help planners design efficient projects Improves visibility of women in target area Three main tools: Tool 1: The socio-economic activity profile – who does what, when, where and for how long? Harvard framework was developed at Harvard university. It is also called the Gender Roles Framework, was developed by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the Women In Development office of USAID, and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholtand others. It was one of the earliest of such frameworks.[7] The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men, which will make development more efficient – a position named the “efficiency approach" Harvard framework informs planners about the situations, roles, resources, various social, economical and political influencing factors and on the basis of this overall information, planners can design better and efficient projects It improves the visibility because it generates the sex dissegrated data

Tool 1: Activity profile Activities Women/Men Time Productive/Livelihood activities Agriculture Income generation Employment Others M Seasonal Reproductive activities Water Fuel Food Childcare Health Cleaning and repair Market Other W W W W/M Everyday – 2 hrs Everyday – 4 hrs

Harvard framework - 2 Tool 2: The access and control profile – who has access to resources (ex. land, equipment, capital etc.)? who has access to benefits (ex. education, health services, political power etc.)? who has control over resources and benefits? We analyze what resources people use to carry out the tasks identified in step 1 activity profile. Do we understand that Access and control are different. Though women can unrestrictedly use some resources but not always they can control or take decisions about changing, buying, selling of these resources. If women have access to resources that may serve women’s practical needs, but it doesn’t serve women’s strategic needs in longer term. For gender equity women and men should have equal control over resources like buying or selling of land, or other property.

Tool 2: Access and control profile Assets, Resources Land Equipment Cash Education Training Other W/M M Benefits Income Health Water User Group Political power W

Tool 3: Influencing factors 3. Identify factors that determine the gender differences – Political, economic, cultural etc. Communtiy norms, social hierachies Training and education Attitude of community towards external development workers Past and present influences Opportunities and constraints

Gender Analysis of Projects Activity Profile Who does what? Access and Control Profile Who has what? Analysis of Factors and Trends Socio-Economic-Political factors Program Cycle Analysis What gender considerations are needed in project design and implementation

Gender Analysis Matrix The tool uses participatory methodology to facilitate the definition and analysis of gender issues by the communities that are affected by them. Using the Gender Analysis Matrix will provide a unique articulation of issues as well as develop gender analysis capacity from the grassroots level up. All requisite knowledge for gender analysis exists among the people whose lives are the subject of the analysis Gender analysis does not require the technical expertise of those outside the community being analyzed, except as facilitators Gender analysis cannot be transformative unless the analysis is done by the people being analyzed.

CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS Unit s of Analysis #1: LABOR Unit s of Analysis #2: TIME Unit s of Analysis #3 Unit s of Analysis #4 Levels of Analysis/ Stakeholders Stakeholder #1 : Men Stakeholder #2: Women Stakeholder #3: Community Stakeholder #4

Sample Gender Analysis Matrix Dimensions of Analysis Livelihood activities, roles, relations Assets, Capabilities Power and Decision-making Needs, Priorities Institutions, Mechanisms, Governance WOMEN What activities they do? Where? When? What assets, capabilities, opportunities they have? What are different vulnerability? What are their different coping mechanism? What decision making do men and women participate in? What decision making they control? What constraints they face? What are women’s needs and priorities What are their aspirations for future How markets work differently for women and men? Do governance takes into account women’s concerns MEN -do-

Case study for gender analysis Source: ‘Hor Sophea, AIT’ The urban population in Cambodia collect water from a variety of sources, including piped water, public tap, well, surface water, and water sold by private vendors which is usually high cost and from unreliable sources. Though men help sometime but traditionally women collect water for household use. Most slum dwellers face drainage and sewerage problems, esp. during the rainy season. MRD installed 5 tube-wells without consultations with community or testing ground water quality. The tube well water contained high iron, lime, arsenic and could not be used for washing cloths, cooking food or bathing. After a number of health problems people stopped using water from the tube wells.