PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A NALYSIS OF F INANCIAL S TATEMENTS Chapter 17

Application of analytical tools Involves transforming data Reduces uncertainty B ASICS OF A NALYSIS Financial statement analysis helps users make better decisions. Internal Users Managers Officers Internal Auditors External Users Shareholders Lenders Customers C 1

B UILDING B LOCKS OF A NALYSIS C 1 Liquidity and efficiency Solvency Market prospects Profitability

I NFORMATION FOR A NALYSIS C 1 1.Income Statement 2.Balance Sheet 3.Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 4.Statement of Cash Flows 5.Notes to the Financial Statements

 Intracompany  Competitors  Industry  Guidelines S TANDARDS FOR C OMPARISON C 1 When we interpret our analysis, it is essential to compare the results we obtained to other standards or benchmarks.

Horizontal Analysis Comparing a company’s financial condition and performance across time. T OOLS OF A NALYSIS Vertical Analysis Comparing a company’s financial condition and performance to a base amount. Ratio Analysis Measurement of key relations between financial statement items. C 2

H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS P 1

C OMPARATIVE S TATEMENTS Calculate Change in Dollar Amount Dollar Change Dollar Change Analysis Period Amount Analysis Period Amount Base Period Amount Base Period Amount = = – – When measuring the amount of the change in dollar amounts, compare the analysis period balance to the base period balance. The analysis period is usually the current year while the base period is usually the prior year. P 1

C OMPARATIVE S TATEMENTS Calculate Change as a Percent Percent Change Percent Change Dollar Change Base Period Amount Dollar Change Base Period Amount 100 = × P 1 When calculating the change as a percentage, divide the amount of the dollar change by the base period amount, and then multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage.

$1,550,861 – $835,546 = $715,315 P 1 ($715,315 ÷ $835,546) × 100 = 85.6% H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS

H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS ($3,888,038 ÷ $11,065,186) × 100 = 35.1% $14,953,224 – $11,065,186 = $3,888,038 P 1

T REND A NALYSIS Trend analysis is used to reveal patterns in data covering successive periods. Trend Percent Analysis Period Amount Base Period Amount 100 = × P 1

T REND A NALYSIS Research in Motion Income Statement Information Using 2006 as the base year we will get the following trend information : Examples of Calculations for Revenues: 2006 is base year. Set to 100% 2007: $3,037,103 ÷ $2,065,845 × 100 = 147.0% 2008: $6,009,395 ÷ $2,065,845 × 100 = 290.9% Examples of Calculations for Revenues: 2006 is base year. Set to 100% 2007: $3,037,103 ÷ $2,065,845 × 100 = 147.0% 2008: $6,009,395 ÷ $2,065,845 × 100 = 290.9% P 1

T REND A NALYSIS We can use the trend percentages to construct a graph so we can see the trend over time. P 1

V ERTICAL A NALYSIS Common-Size Statements Common-size Percent Analysis Amount Base Amount 100 = × Financial StatementBase Amount Balance SheetTotal Assets Income StatementRevenues Financial StatementBase Amount Balance SheetTotal Assets Income StatementRevenues P 2

($1,550,861 ÷ $10,204,409) × 100 = 15.2% ($835,546 ÷ $8,101,372) × 100 = 10.3% C OMMON -S IZE B ALANCE S HEET P 2

C OMMON -S IZE I NCOME S TATEMENT P 2 ($8,368,958 ÷ $14,953,224) × 100 = 56.0%

C OMMON -S IZE G RAPHICS P 2

R ATIO A NALYSIS P 3 Liquidity and efficiency Solvency Market prospects Profitability

CurrentRatioCurrentRatio Acid-testRatioAcid-testRatio Accounts Receivable Turnover Inventory Turnover Days’ Sales Uncollected Days’ Sales in Inventory Total Asset Turnover L IQUIDITY AND E FFICIENCY P 3

W ORKING C APITAL Working capital represents current assets financed from long-term capital sources that do not require near-term repayment. Current assets – Current liabilities = Working capital More working capital suggests a strong liquidity position and an ability to meet current obligations. P 3

This ratio measures the short-term debt- paying ability of the company. A higher current ratio suggests a strong liquidity position. C URRENT R ATIO Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities P 3

This ratio is like the current ratio but excludes current assets such as inventories and prepaid expenses that may be difficult to quickly convert into cash. A CID -T EST R ATIO Acid-test ratio = Cash + Short-term investments + Current receivables Current Liabilities Referred to as Quick Assets P 3

This ratio measures how many times a company converts its receivables into cash each year. A CCOUNTS R ECEIVABLE T URNOVER Accounts receivable = turnover Net sales Average accounts receivable, net Average accounts receivable = (Beginning acct. rec. + Ending acct. rec.) 2 P 3

This ratio measures the number of times merchandise is sold and replaced during the year. I NVENTORY T URNOVER Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Average inventory Average inventory = (Beginning inventory + Ending inventory) 2 P 3

Provides insight into how frequently a company collects its accounts receivable. D AYS ’ S ALES U NCOLLECTED Day's sales = uncollected Accounts receivable, net × 365 Net sales P 3

D AYS ’ S ALES IN I NVENTORY Day's sales in = Inventory Ending inventory × 365 Cost of goods sold This ratio is a useful measure in evaluating inventory liquidity. If a product is demanded by customers, this formula estimates how long it takes to sell the inventory. P3

T OTAL A SSET T URNOVER Total asset turnover = Net sales Average total assets Average assets = (Beginning assets + Ending assets) 2 This ratio reflects a company’s ability to use its assets to generate sales. It is an important indication of operating efficiency. P 3

DebtRatioDebtRatio EquityRatioEquityRatio Pledged Assets to Secured Liabilities Times Interest Earned S OLVENCY P 3

D EBT AND E QUITY R ATIOS Amount Ratio Total liabilities $ 8,000, % [Debt ratio] Total equity 4,000, % [Equity ratio] Total liabilities and equity $ 12,000, % $8,000,000 ÷ $12,000,000 = 66.7% The debt ratio expresses total liabilities as a percent of total assets. The equity ratio provides complementary information by expressing total equity as a percent of total assets. P 3

D EBT - TO -E QUITY R ATIO Debt-to-equity ratio = Total liabilities Total equity This ratio measures what portion of a company’s assets are contributed by creditors. A larger debt-to- equity ratio implies less opportunity to expand through use of debt financing. P 3

T IMES I NTEREST E ARNED Times interest earned = Income before interest and taxes Interest expense This is the most common measure of the ability of a company’s operations to provide protection to long-term creditors. Net income +Interest expense +Income taxes =Income before interest and taxes P 3

ProfitMarginProfitMargin Return on Total Assets Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity P ROFITABILITY P 3

P ROFIT M ARGIN Profit margin = Net income Net sales This ratio describes a company’s ability to earn net income from each sales dollar. P 3

Return on total asset = Net income Average total assets R ETURN ON T OTAL A SSETS Return on total assets measures how well assets have been employed by the company’s management. P 3

R ETURN ON C OMMON S TOCKHOLDERS ’ E QUITY Return on common stockholders' equity = Net income - Preferred dividends Average common stockholders' equity This measure indicates how well the company employed the stockholders’ equity to earn net income. P 3

Price-Earnings Ratio Dividend Yield M ARKET P ROSPECTS P 3

P RICE -E ARNINGS R ATIO Price-earnings ratio = Market price per common share Earnings per share This measure is often used by investors as a general guideline in gauging stock values. Generally, the higher the price-earnings ratio, the more opportunity a company has for growth. P 3

D IVIDEND Y IELD Dividend yield = Annual cash dividends per share Market price per share This ratio identifies the return, in terms of cash dividends, on the current market price per share of the company’s common stock. P 3

G LOBAL V IEW Horizontal and Vertical Analysis Horizontal and vertical analyses help eliminate many differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS when analyzing and interpreting financial statements. However, when fundamental differences in reporting regimes impact financial statements, the user must exercise caution when drawing conclusions. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis of financial statement also helps eliminate differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Importantly, the use of ratio analysis is fine, with some possible changes in interpretation depending on what is and what is not included in certain accounting measures across U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Care must be taken in drawing inferences from a comparison of ratios across reporting regimes.

A NALYSIS R EPORTING A1 1.Executive Summary 2.Analysis Overview 3.Evidential Matter 4.Assumptions 5.Key Factors 6.Inferences The purpose of financial statement analyses is to reduce uncertainty in business decisions through a rigorous and sound evaluation. A financial statement analysis report directly addresses the building blocks of analysis and documents the reasoning.

Net Income A PPENDIX 17A: S USTAINABLE I NCOME DiscontinuedSegmentsDiscontinuedSegments ExtraordinaryItemsExtraordinaryItems ContinuingOperationsContinuingOperations A 2

E ND OF C HAPTER 17