1. PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA Winston Kwok, Ph.D., CA Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). All rights reserved F INANCIAL S TATEMENT A NALYSIS Chapter 17

2. 17 - 2 Application of analytical tools Involves transforming data Reduces uncertainty B ASICS OF A NALYSIS Financial statement analysis helps users make better decisions. Internal Users Managers Officers Internal Auditors External Users Shareholders Lenders Customers C 1

3. 17 - 3 B UILDING B LOCKS OF A NALYSIS C 1 Liquidity and efficiency Solvency Market prospects Profitability

4. 17 - 4 I NFORMATION FOR A NALYSIS C 1 1.Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income (Income Statement) 2.Statement of Financial Position 3.Statement of Changes in Equity 4.Statement of Cash Flows 5.Notes to the Financial Statements

5. 17 - 5IntracompanyCompetitorsIndustryGuidelines S TANDARDS FOR C OMPARISON C2 When we interpret our analysis, it is essential to compare the results we obtained to other standards or benchmarks.

6. 17 - 6 Horizontal Analysis Comparing a company’s financial condition and performance across time. T OOLS OF A NALYSIS Vertical Analysis Comparing a company’s financial condition and performance to a base amount. Ratio Analysis Measurement of key relations between financial statement items. C 2

7. 17 - 7 H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS P 1

8. 17 - 8 C OMPARATIVE S TATEMENTS Calculate Change in Dollar Amount Dollar Change Dollar Change Analysis Period Amount Analysis Period Amount Base Period Amount Base Period Amount = = – – When measuring the amount of the change in dollar amounts, compare the analysis period balance to the base period balance. The analysis period is usually the current year while the base period is usually the prior year. P 1

9. 17 - 9 C OMPARATIVE S TATEMENTS Calculate Change as a Percent Percent Change Percent Change Dollar Change Base Period Amount Dollar Change Base Period Amount 100 = × P 1 When calculating the change as a percentage, divide the amount of the dollar change by the base period amount, and then multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage.

10. 17 - 10 1,587 – 1,670 = (83) P 1 [(83) ÷ 1,670] × 100 = (5.0)% H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS

11. 17 - 11 H ORIZONTAL A NALYSIS [(391) ÷ 14,883] × 100 = (2.6)% 14,492 – 14,883 = (391) P 1

12. 17 - 12 T REND A NALYSIS Trend analysis is used to reveal patterns in data covering successive periods. Trend Percent Analysis Period Amount Base Period Amount 100 = × P 1

13. 17 - 13 T REND A NALYSIS Adidas Income Statement Information Using 2009 as the base year we will get the following trend information : Examples of 2013 Calculations for Net Sales: 2009 is base year. Set to 100% 2013: (14,492 ÷ 10,381) × 100 = 139.6% Examples of 2013 Calculations for Net Sales: 2009 is base year. Set to 100% 2013: (14,492 ÷ 10,381) × 100 = 139.6% P 1

14. 17 - 14 T REND A NALYSIS We can use the trend percentages to construct a graph so we can see the trend over time. P 1

15. 17 - 15 V ERTICAL A NALYSIS Common-Size Statements Common-size Percent Analysis Amount Base Amount 100 = × Financial StatementBase Amount Statement of Financial Position Total Assets Income StatementRevenues Financial StatementBase Amount Statement of Financial Position Total Assets Income StatementRevenues P 2

16. 17 - 16 (1,587 ÷ 11,599) × 100 = 13.7% (1,670 ÷ 11,651) × 100 = 14.3% C OMMON -S IZE S TATEMENT OF F INANCIAL P OSITION P 2

17. 17 - 17 C OMMON -S IZE I NCOME S TATEMENT P 2 (7,352 ÷ 14,492) × 100 = 50.7%

18. 17 - 18 C OMMON -S IZE G RAPHICS P 2

19. 17 - 19 R ATIO A NALYSIS P 3 Liquidity and efficiency Solvency Market prospects Profitability

20. 17 - 20CurrentRatioCurrentRatio Acid-testRatioAcid-testRatio Accounts Receivable Turnover Accounts Payable Turnover Days’ Sales Uncollected Days’ Sales in Inventory Total Asset Turnover L IQUIDITY AND E FFICIENCY P 3 Inventory Turnover Days’ Purchases in Accounts Payable

21. 17 - 21 W ORKING C APITAL Working capital represents current assets financed from long-term capital sources that do not require near-term repayment. Current assets – Current liabilities = Working capital More working capital suggests a strong liquidity position and an ability to meet current obligations. P 3

22. 17 - 22 This ratio measures the short-term debt- paying ability of the company. A higher current ratio suggests a strong liquidity position. C URRENT R ATIO Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities P 3

23. 17 - 23 This ratio is like the current ratio but excludes current assets such as inventories and prepaid expenses that may be difficult to quickly convert into cash. A CID -T EST R ATIO Acid-test ratio = Cash + Short-term investments + Current receivables Current Liabilities Referred to as Quick Assets P 3

24. 17 - 24 This ratio measures how many times a company converts its receivables into cash each year. A CCOUNTS R ECEIVABLE T URNOVER Accounts receivable = turnover Net sales Average accounts receivable, net Average accounts receivable = (Beginning acct. rec. + Ending acct. rec.) 2 P 3

25. 17 - 25 This ratio measures the number of times merchandise is sold and replaced during the year. I NVENTORY T URNOVER Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Average inventory Average inventory = (Beginning inventory + Ending inventory) 2 P 3

26. 17 - 26 A short-term liquidity measure used to quantify the rate at which a company pays off its suppliers. A CCOUNTS P AYABLE T URNOVER Accounts payable turnover = Cost of goods sold Average accounts payable Average accounts payable = (Beginning accounts payable + Ending accounts payable) 2 P 3

27. 17 - 27 Provides insight into how frequently a company collects its accounts receivable. DAYS’ SALES UNCOLLECTED Day's sales = uncollected Accounts receivable, net × 365 Net sales P 3

28. 17 - 28 DAYS’ SALES IN INVENTORY Day's sales in = Inventory Ending inventory × 365 Cost of goods sold This ratio is a useful measure in evaluating inventory liquidity. If a product is demanded by customers, this formula estimates how long it takes to sell the inventory. P3

29. 17 - 29 DAYS’ PURCHASES IN ACCOUNTS PAYABLE Accounts = Payable Accounts payable × 365 Cost of goods sold This ratio is a useful measure in evaluating how long the business takes to pay its credit suppliers. P3

30. 17 - 30 CASH CONVERSION CYCLE The sum of the days’ sales uncollected and the days’ sales in inventory subtracting the days’ purchases in accounts payable. It represents the number of days a firm’s cash remains tied up within the operations of the business. The lower the cash conversion cycle, the more healthy a company generally is. P 3

31. 17 - 31 T OTAL A SSET T URNOVER Total asset turnover = Net sales Average total assets Average assets = (Beginning assets + Ending assets) 2 This ratio reflects a company’s ability to use its assets to generate sales. It is an important indication of operating efficiency. P 3

32. 17 - 32DebtRatioDebtRatio EquityRatioEquityRatio Debt-to-Equity Ratio Times Interest Earned S OLVENCY P 3

33. 17 - 33 D EBT AND E QUITY R ATIOS Amount Ratio Total liabilities $ 8,000,00066.7% [Debt ratio] Total equity 4,000,000 33.3% [Equity ratio] Total liabilities and equity $ 12,000,000 100.0% $8,000,000 ÷ $12,000,000 = 66.7% The debt ratio expresses total liabilities as a percent of total assets. The equity ratio provides complementary information by expressing total equity as a percent of total assets. P 3

34. 17 - 34 D EBT - TO -E QUITY R ATIO Debt-to-equity ratio = Total liabilities Total equity This ratio measures what portion of a company’s assets are contributed by creditors. A larger debt-to- equity ratio implies less opportunity to expand through use of debt financing. P 3

35. 17 - 35 T IMES I NTEREST E ARNED Times interest earned = Income before interest expense and income taxes Interest expense This is the most common measure of the ability of a company’s operations to provide protection to long-term creditors. Net profit +Interest expense +Income taxes =Income before interest and taxes P 3

36. 17 - 36ProfitMarginProfitMargin Return on Total Assets Return on Ordinary Shareholders’ Equity P ROFITABILITY P 3

37. 17 - 37 P ROFIT M ARGIN Profit margin = Net profit Net sales This ratio describes a company’s ability to earn net profit from each sales dollar. P 3

38. 17 - 38 Return on total asset = Net profit Average total assets R ETURN ON T OTAL A SSETS Return on total assets measures how well assets have been employed by the company’s management. P 3

39. 17 - 39 RETURN ON ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Return on ordinary shareholders' equity = Net profit - Preference dividends Average ordinary shareholders' equity This measure indicates how well the company employed the shareholders’ equity to earn net profit. P 3

40. 17 - 40 Price-Earnings Ratio Dividend Yield M ARKET P ROSPECTS P 3

41. 17 - 41 P RICE -E ARNINGS R ATIO Price-earnings ratio = Market price per ordinary share Earnings per share This measure is often used by investors as a general guideline in gauging share values. Generally, the higher the price-earnings ratio, the more opportunity a company has for growth. P 3

42. 17 - 42 D IVIDEND Y IELD Dividend yield = Annual cash dividends per share Market price per share This ratio identifies the return, in terms of cash dividends, on the current market price per share of the company’s ordinary shares. P 3

43. 17 - 43 A NALYSIS R EPORTING 1.Executive summary 2.Analysis overview 3.Evidential matter 4.Assumptions 5.Key factors 6.Inferences 1.Executive summary 2.Analysis overview 3.Evidential matter 4.Assumptions 5.Key factors 6.Inferences A1 A good analysis report usually consists of six sections:

44. 17 - 44 E ND OF C HAPTER 17