What it is! Music Genre/Form and Medium of Performance Terms in the Future of Music “Subject” Access Beth Iseminger, Mark McKnight, Hermine Vermeij

Overview of Today’s Program History of the music genre projects LC genre projects update Genre/form update Medium update Examples of current and future practice How to use the music vocabulary now Implementation What to expect Conclusion

HISTORY OF THE MUSIC GENRE PROJECTS

Genre/Form Projects Completed projects ◦ Moving image materials and radio programs ◦ Cartographic materials ◦ Law materials Genre/form terms for these disciplines are in LCGFT now. Can be used in bibliographic records coded as: 655 #7 [Term]. $2 lcgft

Genre/Form Projects (cont.) Authority records for LCGFT terms ◦ LCCN prefix: gf ◦ 008/11 (Subject heading system/thesaurus): z (“Other) ◦ 040 $f: lcgft

Genre/Form Projects (cont.) Projects in process ◦ Religion project  Joint project (PSD and the American Theological Library Association)  Thesaurus nearing completion ◦ Literature project  Joint project (PSD and the ALA Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation)  Just begun ◦ Music project

Genre/Form Projects (cont.) General genre/form terms ◦ Many genre/form terms do not belong to a particular discipline. ◦ Project in the works to create genre/form terms for many current form subdivisions (185s). (E.g., Biographies, Bibliographies, Correspondence.)

Aspects Related to Genre/Form Many aspects of what we may consider genre/form are out of scope for LCGFT. ◦ LCGFT terms cannot be subdivided geographically. ◦ Ethnicity, language, religion, chronology, and audience characteristics are also out of scope.

Aspects Related to Genre/Form (cont.) ◦ Many current subject headings acting as genre/form headings include these aspects  Examples  Jazz $z Lithuania  African Americans $v Music  Songs, German  Buddhist music  Rock music $y  Music $v Juvenile

Aspects Related to Genre/Form (cont.) The ALA Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation is working on finding places in the MARC record for these aspects. ◦ MARBI discussion papers forthcoming.

Current Status of the Music Genre/Form Project Creating hierarchies for terms destined for LCGFT Why hierarchies? ◦ LCGFT is meant to be a true thesaurus ◦ Each term should be linked hierarchically to at least one other term ◦ This structure will enable new ways of utilizing broader and narrower terms ◦ Illuminates aspects of vocabulary that need to be addressed

Hierarchy Snapshot: Popular music

Medium of Performance—Status MARBI proposal at ALA Midwinter – MARC Proposal no (New Data Elements in the MARC21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats for Medium of Performance – Presented two options for where to encode medium of performance information currently in subject headings Expanding field 382 (already established for medium of performance, but created as an RDA element) Creating a new field for medium of performance

Medium of Performance—Status (cont.) ◦ MARBI approved option 1 (draft): st indicator: Display constant controller # – No information 0 – Medium of performance 1 – Partial medium of performance 2 nd indicator: Access control (bibliographic format only) # – No information 0 – No access provided 1 – Access provided

Medium of Performance—Status (cont.) $a – Medium of performance (R) $b – Soloist (R) $d – Doubling instrument (R) $n – Number of performers of the same instrument/voice in preceding subfield $a, $b, or $d (R) $p – Alternative medium of performance $s – Total number of performers (NR) $v – Note $0 – Record control number (R) $2 – Source of term (NR) $6 – Linkage (NR) $8 – Field link and sequence number (R) – Example: $a trumpet $n 2 $a trombone $n 2 $s 4 $2 [code for medium of performance list] A work for two trumpets and two trombones

Medium of Performance—Status (cont.) List of medium terms – Current working list has over 900 terms. – Agreed upon: Singular nouns in most cases (e.g. flute; orchestra; but bongos) Increased granularity (e.g. soprano recorder; alto saxophone) – Still working on: Terms for vocal music How to treat non-traditional mediums such as speakers, dancers, and operators of sound equipment

EXAMPLES OF CURRENT AND FUTURE PRACTICE

Simple example #1 A duet for trumpet and trombone in no particular genre or form Current practice: ◦ 650 #0 $a Trombone and trumpet music. Upcoming practice: ◦ $a trumpet $n 1 $a trombone $n 1 $s 2

Simple example #2 A concerto for flute and orchestra Current practice: ◦ 650 #0 Concertos (Flute) Upcoming practice: ◦ $b flute $n 1 $a orchestra 655 #7 $a Concertos. $2 lcgft

Simple(ish) example #3 A waltz for flute, violin (or oboe, or clarinet), and piano Current practice: ◦ 650 #0 Trios (Piano, flute, violin) 650 #0 Trios (Piano, flute, oboe) 650 #0 Trios (Piano, clarinet, flute) 650 #0 Waltzes.

Simple(ish) example #3 (cont.) Upcoming practice: ◦ $a flute $n 1 $a violin $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s $a flute $n 1 $a oboe $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s $a flute $n 1 $a clarinet $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s #7 $a Waltzes. $2 lcgft

Complex example #1 A mass for 2 sopranos, one mezzo-soprano, tenor saxophone (doubling bass clarinet), C trumpet, piano, violin (doubling viola), and double bass Current practice: ◦ 650 #0 Vocal trios with instrumental ensemble. 650 #0 Masses.

Complex example #1 (cont.) Upcoming practice: ◦ $a soprano voice $n 2 $a mezzo- soprano $n 1 $a tenor saxophone $n 1 $d bass clarinet $n 1 $a trumpet $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $a violin $n 1 $d viola $n 1 $a double bass $n 1 $s #7 $a Masses. $2 lcgft

Complex example #2 (Linking) A sound recording with three works in different genres and for different mediums. ◦ Using $8 to link the analytical entries to the genre/form and medium fields that correspond  NOTE: $8 has not currently been implemented outside of holdings records (that we know of). ◦ Not an ideal solution, but until information coded in work records can be pulled into displays for compilations, we’ll need a workaround.

$8 1\c $a cello $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s $8 2\c $a cello $n 1 $s $8 3\c $a piano $n 1 $a violin $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $s # $a Pampeana : rhapsody no. 2, op. 21 [for cello and piano] / Alberto Ginastera – Omaramor : [for solo cello] / Osvaldo Golijov -- Puneña no. 2, op. 45 : [for cello and piano] / Alberto Ginastera -- Milonga del ángel : [for violin, cello, and piano] / Astor Piazzolla. 655 #7 $8 1\c $a Rhapsodies. $2 lcgft 655 #7 $8 3\c $a Milongas. $2 lcgft $8 1\c $a Ginastera, Alberto, $d $t Pampeana, $n no $8 2\c $a Golijov, Osvaldo, $d $t Omaramor $8 3\c $a Piazzolla, Astor. $t Milonga del ángel.

How to use music vocabulary now The same as always! Until music genre/form terms are in LCGFT and the medium of performance thesaurus is available, continue to construct music subject headings in 650s.

Implementation What is involved in implementing music genre/form and medium of performance vocabulary? ◦ Creation of genre and medium authority records ◦ Updating authority files and maintenance ◦ Conversion of existing headings ◦ Indexing ◦ Search interfaces

Creating Genre and Medium Authority Records Are new fields needed in MARC authority format for medium? Who will create the records? Method Non-music facets

Conversion of Existing Headings Map the topically-coded LCSH authorized headings to new genre and medium authorized headings Flip the topically-coded headings in bibliographic records to new genre and medium fields This process will take some time, but it will eventually be completed

Sample Record for Conversion Reference record 1XX Sonatas (Marimba and piano) 2XX $i Medium use $a marimba $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 2XX $i Genre use $a Sonatas

Implementing Genre and Medium Terms in Library Systems Indexing The genre/form (655) and medium of performance (382) fields should be included in any index where genre and medium terms will be used to retrieve results. Search interfaces Determine if your institution includes a genre search in the public catalog. What to do now Communicate to other technical service and systems librarians at your institution how important genre and medium access is for music.

What to Expect Improved access to music materials ◦ Direct access by medium of performance ◦ Clearer and more specific vocabulary Examples: What a faceted search might look like ◦ Examples from the Media Finders created at Ball State University

What a Faceted Search Might Look Like - Medium

What a Faceted Search Might Look Like - Genre

What a Faceted Search Might Look Like – World Music

What a Faceted Search Might Look Like – Current Catalog

What Happens Next? Create authority records for new terms Recommend system changes to accommodate terms (indexing, etc.) Plan conversion of existing headings Create best practices and training materials Announce terms are available for use Timeline ?

Conclusion Continue to use music subject headings as usual Watch for updates and announcements ◦ LC site for music genre/form and medium ◦ BCC Genre/Form/Medium project public wiki /FrontPage /FrontPage Thank you! Contact us: ◦ Beth Iseminger ◦ Mark McKnight ◦ Hermine Vermeij

QUESTIONS?