The Origin of Humans

The First Humans Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

Early Discoveries

Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

The Paleolithic Age “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE Made tools hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

Stage 1 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines An Apposable Thumb

Stage 1 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa. created stone tools.

The Paleolithic Age Purpose?? Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??

Stage 2 1,600,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) BIPEDALISM Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

Are we all Africans “under the skin”???? Differing Human Migration Theories Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

Stage 3 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.

P R I M A RY S O U R C E The Shanidar events (cave in Northeastern Iraq) . . . speak clearly of a deep feeling for the spiritual quality of life. A concern for the fate of the human soul is universal in human societies today, and it was evidently a theme of Neanderthal society too. RICHARD E. LEAKEY, The Making of Mankind

Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Leads to Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

The Last Ice Age 70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals. What does sedentary mean?

SETTING THE STAGE By about 40,000 years ago, human beings had become fully modern in their physical appearance. With a shave, a haircut, and a suit, a Cro-Magnon man would have looked like a modern business executive. However, over the following thousands of years, the way of life of early humans underwent incredible changes. People developed new technology, artistic skills, and most importantly, agriculture.

The Agricultural Revolution 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. Causes? Climate change: temperatures = longer growing seasons Pressure of growing populations Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

The Agricultural Revolution Early Farming Methods SLASH-AND-BURN Farming:

The Agricultural Revolution Domestication of Animals How did this develop? What are the benefits? Breed the best and eat the rest!!!

The Agricultural Revolution ? ? Development of Agriculture ? ?

The Agricultural Revolution Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers? The Agricultural Revolution Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

Early Settled Communities Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

Found Jarmo in the 1950’s Catal Huyuk

Early Settled Communities 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants 12 cultivated crops Division of labor Engaged in trade Organized religion An obsidian dagger Small military

Early Settled Communities Çatal Hüyük

The Agricultural Revolution What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

Why is the "Neolithic Revolution" a turning point in human history??

What is the next step in the development of human settlements??

CITIES ! CIVILIZATIONS !!

What are the characteristics of a civilization??

CIVILIZATION Advanced Cities Advanced Technology Specialized Workers Record- Keeping Complex Institutions