Do Now: Please read questions, then read and answer “Study Reinforces ‘out of Africa’ theory on human evolution. Be sure to Highlight, underline, write questions and comments.

Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE ,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made tools  Made tools

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines- AKA “Lucy”  Australopithecines- AKA “Lucy”  One of the earliest found hominid remains Australopithecines- AKA “Lucy”  Australopithecines- AKA “Lucy”  One of the earliest found hominid remains An Apposable Thumb  An Apposable Thumb

 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” or “handy-man”) found in East Africa.  found in East Africa. created stone tools.  created stone tools.

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) BIPEDALISM  BIPEDALISM

Are we all Africans “under the skin”???? Out of Africa- 1 st homo sapiens emigrated out of Africa Multi-regional-homo erectus left Africa but Evolved in Europe,Asia and Africa Differently Do now: please take out PERSIAN chart on paleolithic and take mc

200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead.  First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins.  Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.  Lived in caves and tents.

NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )  Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

Characteristics of Paleolithic Period The people were hunters and gatherers They lived in small groups of about people Sexual division of labor(women gathered/men hunted) Nomadic people who followed game and ripening fruit Developed simple tools from stone, bone or wood Invented clothing Cave paintings and religious rituals

COT: Paleolithic From 2.5 M.YA- 10,000 B.C.E early human evelopments included the development of tools from stone and bone, the intoduction of fire for cooking, heat and light, however, mankind maintained its diet primarily based on what could be hunted or gathered

Comparative thesis Similar formula to the COT: Dates, place, topic From 2.5 MYA-10,000 B.C.E in (place) and (other place) _______________ (sim/dif) and ____________(sim/dif) however_____________ (dif/sim)

Ch 1 Strayer’s Ways of the World From 12,000 B.C.E-4,000 B.CE in both the San in South Africa and the Chamash in Southern California both relied on hunting and gathering for sustainance, both utlized stone tools. However, the Chumash had a richer environment leading to greater advancements while the San eeked out a meager existence

San and Chumash SimilaritiesDifference Both paleolithic sociteies Both hunter gatherers Both division of labor by gender No written language nomadic Chumash developed canoes ( tomol) Chumash richer environment Chumashmore class distinctions while San had more equality between the sexes Living conditions more elaborate in Chumash San more vulnerable to nature less stability in food sources Chumash more permanent dwellings

“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Development of Agriculture Development ? ? ? ?

Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.  Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged.  More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants Division of labor  Division of labor Engaged in trade  Engaged in trade  Organized religion Small military  Small military 12 cultivated crops  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

Çatal Hüyük

What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

AdvancedCities SpecializedWorkers ComplexInstitutions Record-Keeping AdvancedTechnology