2. What is "history?" the record of events a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events Requisite human presence (or natural history) Then, what is "Prehistory?" ___________________________________________

3. Pre History The period of time before written records

4.  Without written records, how do we know what happened?  archaeological discoveries  remains of hominids,  art,  migratory patterns,  discovered settlements, etc.

5. Earliest humanlike creatures Lived in southern and eastern Africa about 3-4 million years ago Lived during the Paleolithic Era The Paleolithic Era refers to the time before people developed stationary civilizations and settled down to live in one place.

6. Or “southern ape-men” Were the first to make simple stone tools Were bipedal (walked on 2 feet) Allowed hands to be free to grasp objects Allowed for looking over tall African savannah grasslands

7. "Lucy," Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974 by Donald Johanson Three major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control) a larynx (allows for complex speech)

9. Or “handy human” Brain 50% larger than Australopithecines More sophisticated in gathering of food

10. Or “upright human” Developed 1.8 million years ago Used larger and more varied tools First hominid to leave Africa and move into Europe and Asia

11. Occurred around 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens also known as “wise human” There were two types of Homo sapiens that emerged *Neanderthal *Homo sapiens sapiens

12. Remains found in the Neander Valley in Germany, Europe, and the Middle East Remains dated between 100,000 and 30,000 BCE Relied on stone tools Buried their dead (some scientist believe that this means they believed in the afterlife) Made clothes from the skins of the animals they killed for food

13. First anatomically modern humans Named “wise, wise human” Appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago Began to spread out of Africa about 100,000 years ago By 30,000 BCE, they had largely replaced the mostly- extinct Neanderthals By 10,000 BCE, Homo sapiens sapiens could be found throughout the world

16. Prehistory to 8,000 BCE Tools made of stone, bone, wood, etc Rise of Homo sapiens being successful hunters Contributed to the extinction of mastodon/mammoth Still hunter-gatherer societies Spent 3-5 hrs/day hunting/gathering Fruits, berries, seeds, edible roots

17. p. 14

18. 1.4 million yrs ago: deliberate fires 500,000 yrs ago: sustainment of hearths Cooking “invented” through wildfires (probably) Meat/veggies become easier to digest and better to the taste when cooked Gave light for after dark hours Provided heat in colder climates/seasons Provided protection against animals Helped in hunting Scare animals into traps Smoke out bees to get honey

19. Community Enough people to defend/protect the group Enough people to hunt/gather and support the group NOT so many as the food will not feed the entire group Mobile (most) Follow herds/seasonal plants Lived under overhangs/caves Sedentary (some) Fishing villages that relied on the sea Did not move according to weather Created solid structures to live in Gender Roles Women: gathering, cooking, child care Men: hunting, shelter (patriarchy!!)