CHINA

In eastern AsiaWorld’s most populated country Fourth largest country in terms of area Beijing is the capitalShanghai is the largest city 70% of it is mountains, hills, and highlands Wide range of climatesMost farmland and people are in the east Most live in towns or villages Republic government controlled by the Communist party Government controls economy but is letting more free enterprise

1 in 5 people are Chinese Most work in agriculture 90% live in eastern China 92% are Han Family is very important Live modestly Men marry after 22 Women marry after 20 Only allowed to have two kids One of the world’s oldest civilizations Developed the compass, paper, and porcelain

less than 20 years 1/3 ½ traditions and rituals less than 10% Privatization – the government not owning everything It allows individuals to own land and start businesses

8 times larger their writing 34 a minute and 7 million a year construction projects Chinese New Year

The Chinese language has over a ___________________ characters in it. An ancient form of writing from China is called _________________. The ________________ and _________________ are two symbols of Communism. Besides rice the ______________________ plant has been grown in China for a long time. ____________ on the Chinese flag stands for revolution, the big star represents the _______________________, and the four smaller stars stand for the __________________________. China has a ___________________________ climate. The Chinese were the first to use _______________________ and their currency is called the _______________________. China’s official national religion is ______________________. The __________________________________ has the most fertile soil in China. Countries Around the World: China thousand calligraphy hammer sickle soybean Red Communist Party people diverse paper money Yuan atheist Yangtze River Delta

MODERN CHINA CROSSWORD PUZZLE

CHINA’S PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES

Yangtze River Summer Temp. = 65° F Winter Temp. = 22° F Annual Precipitation = 40 ins. Vegetation Type = rainforest The Yangtze river (meaning “Long River”) is the longest river in Asia, and the fourth longest in the world. It runs for a good 3,859 miles. To some people, it is considered a dividing line between northern and southern China.

The word “Gobi” means very large and dry in Mongolian. The Gobi Desert is the 5th largest desert in the world and is Asia’s largest. It covers an area of about 500,000 square miles. The Gobi Desert is a cold desert, and it is not uncommon to see frost or occasionally snow on its dunes. Gobi Desert Summer Temp. = 113° F Winter Temp. = -40° F Annual Precipitation = 5.5 ins. Vegetation Type = desert

Summer Temp. = -13° F Winter Temp. = -100° F Annual Precipitation = 80 inches Vegetation Type = none Himalayan Mountains. The Himalayan Mountains are the world’s highest mountain range and contain the world’s highest mountain, Mount Everest, which is over 25,000 feet high. The Himalayas extend for 1,500 miles. These mountains are extremely dangerous to travel through, not only because of their height, but also because they are always covered in snow and ice.

Huang He (Yellow) River Summer Temp. = varies Winter Temp. = varies Annual Precipitation = 16 ins. Vegetation Type = sparse grasses The Huang He River is the second longest river in China, as well as the sixth longest river in the world. It stretches about 3,395 miles. This river is commonly known as the Yellow River, because that is the color of the river from all of the sediment it carries. Another nickname for this river is “China’s Sorrow”. It is called this because it has been known to have devastating floods.

North China Plain Summer Temp. = 82° F Winter Temp. = 28° F Annual Precipitation = 23 ins. Vegetation Type = grassland The North China Plain is the largest flat lowland area in China. It stretches across an area of 158,000 square miles. The early Chinese considered this plain “the center of the world”.

Plateau of Tibet Summer Temp. = 45° F Winter Temp. = 18° F Annual Precipitation = 10 inches Vegetation Type = sparse grasses The Tibetan Plateau is also called “the roof of the world”. It is the highest and largest plateau in the world covering an area about four times the size of Texas.

Taklimakan Desert Summer Temp. = 100° F Winter Temp. = 15° F Annual Precipitation = 5 inches Vegetation Type = desert The Taklimakan Desert is known as the largest sand-only desert in the world. Many different mummies have been found in this desert, and some date back over four thousand years. The word “taklimakan” is known to mean “desert of death” or “place of no return”.

Summer Temp. = 41° F Winter Temp. = 15° F Annual Precipitation = 10 ins. Vegetation Type = forest Tien Shan Mountains The Tien Shan Mountains are one of the longest mountain ranges in Central Asia. Their name means “mountains of the spirits”. The mountains at their lower levels contain many spruce forests.

Manchurian Plain Summer Temp. = 75° F Winter Temp. = 10° F Annual Precipitation = 20 ins. Vegetation Type = sparse grasses The Manchurian Plain is also known as the Northeast China Plain. It covers an area of over 135,000 square miles. There are almost no trees on this plain. This area is good for raising livestock and herding.

Yangtze River Location: flows through south central China from the mountains to the sea Facts: -Also known as the Chang Jiang -Yangtze = Long River -Longest river in China and Asia and 4 th in the world -It sometimes does flood -People use the river to move goods between eastern and western areas in the region -Its surrounding lands are very fertile

Gobi Desert Location It covers part of China and Mongolia Facts -one of the world’s largest deserts -Most of the desert is stony and its surface is made up of small pebbles and tiny bits of sand -It is a cold desert, and it is not uncommon to see frost and occasionally snow on its dunes -Vegetation is sparse and the plants there tend to be small and widely spaced

Himalayan Mountains Location Along China’s southern border and forms a natural border between the Indian subcontinent Facts -the highest mountain range in the world -region is a bitterly cold place -It is so cold that there is very little or no vegetation.

Huang He (Yellow) River Location It bends through north central China from the mountains to the sea Facts -Second longest river in China, 6 th in the world -called the Yellow River because of the enormous amounts of yellow silt -Very muddy river -Called "the cradle of Chinese civilization", as its basin is the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations -the river has flooded more than 1,500 times, causing much damage and loss of life. This has also earned the river the name "China's Sorrow".

North China Plain Location -east central China Facts -is a flat region of grassland and temperatures range from very warm in the summer to cold in the winter. -called the “Land of the Yellow Earth” because the ground is covered by yellow limestone silt from the Gobi Desert -This flat yellow-soil plain is the main area of grains, corn, and cotton production in China. Wheat, sesame seed, and peanuts are also grown here. -The plain is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.

Plateau of Tibet Location The southwestern part of China is dominated by the high Tibet Plateau Facts -This area is often called the “Roof of the World” since it is over two miles above sea level -It is a very large area, covering almost a quarter of the land in China -very cold and dry climate with sparse shrubs and grasses -The natural vegetation is eaten by antelopes and yaks that roam the area

Taklimakan Desert Location -located in western China, just northwest of the Tibetan Plateau Facts -Over 105,000 square miles -considered one of the most dangerous deserts in the world -“once you go in, you will not come out” -The desert’s huge sand dunes shift and change as the wind blows the sand around and sandstorms arise with stunning speed -the desert is very dry with vegetation near oases only -Legend says that two armies and three hundred cities are buried in it

Tien Shan Mountains Location -The northwestern tip of China and lies to the north and west of the Taklimakan Desert Facts - one of the longest mountain ranges in Central Asia at 1700 miles long - The name Tien Shan literally means “celestial mountains” and is sacred to those who practice Daoism -Heavy rain and snowfall on the range create a mountain environment that contrasts dramatically with the arid desert terrain of the southern foothills -On the lower slopes, there are flowery meadows and forests -Top of them are covered with glaciers

Manchurian Plain Location -northeastern China - east of Mongolia Facts -Also known as Northeast China Plain -is a land of low hills and plains and the natural vegetation is mostly prairie grass -It has short, warm summers and is cold in the winter – dry in the north and wetter in the south -In general, the plain is too cold and dry to be a good place for growing crops but is good for herding and livestock

Map of China’s Physiographic Features

China Map Key Yangtze River Gobi Desert Himalayan Mountains Huang He/Yellow (River) North China Plain Plateau of Tibet Taklimakan Desert Tien Shan (Mountains) Manchurian Plain

It is said that nature has built a natural wall around China. List the names of the physiographic features which form China’s natural wall. MOUNTAINS (4)DESERTS (2)SEAS (3) What do you think will be the advantages and disadvantages to China having a “natural wall”? ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Himalaya Hindu Kush Tien Shan Altai Gobi Taklimakan Yellow East China South China Safe from invaders/protection Will have many natural resources Etc. Difficult to trade/travel to/with others Cause isolation Etc.

HELPFUL or HARMFUL???

CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY HELPFULHARMFULOTHER FACTS Natural barriers give protection Rivers link/bring the people together Rivers flood and enrich the soil for farming Rivers used for their resources and as transportation/trade routes Natural barriers make it hard to travel and communicate Numerous regions formed and developed their own ways and, therefore, the Chinese were not unified Rivers flood, destroy, and kill Deserts are dry wastelands Southwest = mountains North and west = mountains and deserts East = ocean All of the above act as barriers keeping China both isolated and safe

PREHISTORIC CHINA

Yangshao

Yangshao Began 10,000 B.C.E Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in north central China. Were farmers in China Had houses built partially underground with plastered floors and roofs supported by wooden beams Created painted pottery with geometric designs on it They used a kiln but no potter’s wheel

Lungshan

Lungshan About 3000 B.C.E Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in northeast China. Farmers that raised cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs and grew wheat and millet Eventually settled in southern China to grow rice Leaders arose to complete projects to control flooding Created black pottery using a kiln and a potter’s wheel First to harvest silk from silkworms to weave fabric which became a major export of China

Xia

Xia Last of the Prehistoric settlements around 2000 B.C.E. (ruled for about 300 years) Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in north central China. Know about them from legends and eventually what archeologists have found Had bronze weapons and tools Were farmers Made pottery Rulers communicated with spirits for help and guidance Defeated by the Shang, China’s first dynasty Could eventually become China’s first dynasty when and if more evidence is found about them

The Shang Dynasty

A Shang dynasty tortoise shell with pictographs. The Shang dynasty is the earliest Chinese dynasty supported by archeological and written evidence.

The ruins of Yin date back to the Shang dynasty. A number of tombs were discovered at this site, but only one, that of Fuo Hao, was undisturbed.

A jade carving discovered in Fuo Hao's tomb. Fuo Hao was a wife of King Wu Ding during the Shang dynasty and is reported to have served as a military leader. Her tomb was untouched when discovered in 1976.

Evidence of human sacrifice is common in elite tombs of the Shang dynasty.

A Shang dynasty bronze zun or wine vessel, shaped in the form of an elephant with uplifted trunk.

A Chinese archeologist works at a newly discovered pit of chariots and horses in the ruins of Yin. Five of the seven pits are arranged in a line, with chariots and horses facing eastward.

SHANG DYNASTY 1) BCE 2) On the Huang He River in the North China Plain 4) A series of rulers from the same family 5)From the tombs, artifacts, and writing we have found 3) The Shang dynasty is important because... CHINA’S FIRST DYNASTY

ZHOU DYNASTY

1) farmers lived in the Wei Valley on the Huang He River 2) In 1050 BCE Wu the Martial and the Zhou conquered the Shang 3) China’s longest lasting dynasty 4) Tian – impersonal power (heaven) worshiped by the Zhou that demanded right behavior and good government Mandate of Heaven – getting heaven’s (tian) support if you ruled well

owned all of the land and granted Nobles complete control of the land given them, protects and defends the land and people, govern in the interest of the people controls the land given to him from the king which consisted of a walled town and the farms around it, must give the king a portion of what the peasants produce from his land, must send the king soldiers in times of war work the farmland and give the noble some of what they produce/make, are the soldiers KING NOBLES PEASANTS

6) Dialects are different forms of the same language 7) Communication from region to region was difficult because people could not always understand each other when they spoke

8) Expanded the use of writing so no matter how a word was pronounced in the different regions of China, its written form would be the same and understood. This allows China’s culture to grow and spread.

Qin Located near the city of Xia Was a palace for the afterlife with jewels and a recreated China Was built by prisoners Soldiers were made of clay, brightly painted, and no two are alike Makers were buried with Qin It uses picture symbols with no alphabet and is very hard Shang = 1700 – 1050 BCE Zhou = 1050 – 221 BCE Qin = 221 – 206 BCE

Built by prisoners and peasants 8 horses wide at the top and 6 horses wide at the bottom and 5 men tall Over 1500 miles long Made to keep out the Mongols A trade route from China to Rome Your last name (family name) is first and your first name goes last tea, rice, wheat, noodles, beans, and vegetables Fireworks, yoyo, stir-fry, compass, noodles, paper, coins, kites, wheel barrow, silk, china/porcelain, ship’s rudder, acupuncture

ANCIENT CHINA’S BELIEF SYSTEMS

China’s greatest teacher Born in Lu, China Was part of a noble family then became poor and orphaned Well educated Gave simple lessons for living 551 – 479 BCE during the last years of the Zhou Dynasty Order and mutual respect among people led to peace Treat others the way you would want to be treated – Golden Rule CONFUCIUS

Central idea of Confucianism “relationship between two people” One person existing in harmony with another REN

Husband and wife Father and son Older brother and younger brother Friend and friend Ruler and subject Sincerity (honest), loyalty (trusting), mutual respect (considerate) Family very important and children should respect their parents Rulers should act like good fathers Government should be based on goodness Government officials should earn their jobs CONFUCIANISM

MOISM Mozi Universal love for all people and respect for all people will bring peace

LEGALISM All people are bad by nature Only a strong government with strict laws and harsh punishments can keep the evil under control

DAOISM Laozi Want a small and simple society Best leaders work quietly in the background and do not worry about getting credit Want to find Dao – “the way” of the universe by being in harmony with nature and in touch with your inner feelings