Storage and NT File System INFO333 – Lecture Mariusz Nowostawski Noria Foukia

Content Storage Types Adding Storage Managing Storage NT File System Distributed File System

Disk: physical device Partition: area of the disk functions as physically separate unit of storage Volume: area of partition used for storing data Storage types used by WS2008 –Basic storage (divides a hard disk into partitions) –Dynamic storage (divides a hard disk into volumes only) Basic disk supports the following types of partitions –Primary partition – a physical unit of storage created on a basic disk –Extended partitions – created from free space that has not yet been partitioned –all versions of Windows and MS-DOS (Skill 1) Storage Types (1)

Dynamic disks support following types of volumes –Simple volume – consists of disk space from a single hard disk, an entire disk, or multiple regions on the same disk that are linked together: one disk and one partition –Spanned volume – consists of disk space from multiple disks as single volume –Striped volume (RAID-0 - Redundant Array of Independent Disks) – combines areas of free disk space from two or more hard disks as single volume: data is written across all drives in the striped set at the same rate –Mirrored volume (RAID-1) – identical copy of volume is created using the free disk space on two physical hard disks: for fault tolerance –RAID-5 volume – is a fault-tolerant, striped, dynamic volume that combines free disk space from 3 to 32 physical hard disks: parity allows the system to continue running in the event of a single disk failure WIN2000, WINXP, and WS2003/2008 Storage Types (2) (Skill 1)

Dynamic Volumes (Skill 1)

Storage Types (3) Basic vs. Dynamic Default: all disks are basic –hard disk on WS2008 basic storage –compatibility with older Windows OSs - limited capabilities Basic easily converted to dynamic –Upgrade basic disk, existing partitions are converted into simple volumes: no loss Dynamic disk to basic causes all data to be lost! –More flexible and powerful with more than one disk

A basic disk to dynamic disk –Existing partitions converted to volumes –Free space left can be used to create additional volumes Simple volume –Can be part of disk’s partition or an entire disk –Can be created only on a single dynamic disk (Skill 5) Storage Types (4)

Storage Types (5) Creating a spanned volume –Unallocated space on multiple disks into a logical volume –Organize disk space on up to maximum 32 disks Combine the space used multiple volumes, on multiple disks, into one spanned volume by a single drive letter (Skill 6)

Creating a striped volume –Can combine disk space from maximum 32 disks to create a striped volume –Data divided in blocks of 64 KB on each segment of the volume Storage Types (6) (Skill 6)

Mirrored volumes –Fault tolerance: two drives are duplicates of each other –50% available disk space is consumed by fault tolerance Drive with sufficient space to hold the mirrored data –De-Fragmentation Rearrange files and unused space: move segments of each file/folder to 1 location  single, contiguous space hard drive Storage Types (7) (Skill 6)

Recovery with Mirroring

Adding Storage (1) Physically install of disk(s) Basic disk  create partitions Dynamic disk  create volumes Format volumes Assign drive letters to created volumes

Disk Management Console

Partition Wizard

Volume Wizard – Creating Volume

Volume Wizard – Formatting Volume

Volume Wizard – Mapping Drive

Adding Storage (2) Simple volume from creation –free space on a single disk Simple volume extension –free space on same disk if it is not system / boot volume Using New Volume Wizard in Disk Management Console (DMC)

Extending Volume Wizard

Managing Storage (1) Checking Disk: chckdisk De-fragment disk: Disk De-fragmenter Configuring disk quotas –Volume-by-volume –Exceptionally per-user: include every file owned by a user –Alert users near quota limit –Restrict users from exceeding quota limit –Admin can log events related to quota events

De-fragmenting Disk

Managing Storage (2) Configuring disk quotas –Export quota entries  quota settings apply to another volume formatted with NTFS –Does not export current quota usage Monitoring via Quota Entries (QE) dialog box QE accessed by volume’s properties in WE (Windows Explorer) or DMC

Checking Disk QE in Volume’s Properties

WS2003/2008: FAT, FAT32, and NTFS NT (New Technology) FS is a recoverable file system: Volumes with no data loss if server crashes Permissions to control user access to files and folders via ACLs NTFS file names up to 256 characters in length NTFS is required for AD NTFS minimizes the number of disk accesses to find a file NT File System (1) (Skill 2)

Compression Storage on a hard disk: NTFS volumes, only specific files and folders or the entire volume If you add a new file or folder to compressed folder, compressed automatically No compression for encrypted file Encryption Ensure (what?) by using an encryption key No encryption for a compressed file NT File System (2) (Skill 3)