CS 1308 Computer Literacy and the Internet
Creating Digital Pictures A traditional photograph is an analog representation of an image. Digitizing a picture is the act of creating picture elements (pixels) to represent the image. The process is similar to the sampling of analog audio The more pixels, the better the quality The more bits for each pixel, the closer the approximation The human eye can be tricked into filling in the missing pieces
A 15x12 picture One Pixel 15x12 = 170 total pixels
Resolution The number of pixels The higher the resolution, the clearer the picture Increased resolution allows you to zoom in and see more detail Higher resolution increases the size of the file in memory
Aliasing Zoomed in 5 times Notice the Pixelation
Colors RGB (Red, Green, Blue) How many bits for one color in this cube?
Image Colors 256 Colors45,000 Colors
Image Colors 16 Colors45,000 Colors
Image Colors 45,000 Colors2 Colors
Image Colors 45,000 Colors250 Grey scale tones
Pixel Densities Resolution Example Resolution Example
How much space? For each pixel you have to store a color or grey scale. Resolution 300x200 = 60,000 pixels 8 bit greyscale (256 tones) – 60KB 24 bit true color – 180KB (3 bytes per pixel)
Graphics File Formats Raster Graphics Stores information on a pixel-by-pixel basis BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG Vector Graphics Stores a description of shapes in the picture Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
JPEG vs GIF JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group Forgent Networks claims patent on key algorithm 24 bit color Lossy compression Cleverly removes portions of picture that humans won’t see Very good for pictures, “realistic” scenes Allows use to select amount of compression GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) Patented by Compuserve 256 colors Lossless compression Good for line drawings, clip art
Digital Cameras Much like a normal camera in terms of optics Has advantage of knowing what a picture looks like immediately
Digital Pictures Image is acquired by absorbing reflected light and recording the wavelengths (very similar to sampling audio) The sensor takes the place of the film Stored in proprietary RAW format before download to computer Sensor sends digital signals to be processed and stored in non-volatile memorynon-volatile memory
Megapixels? What does it mean? Amount of sensor information Allows for more pixels at maximum resolution Why is 5 megapixels better than 3 or 4? Can they really zoom in on pictures like on CSI?
Displaying Images Display types CRT LCD Gas Plasma Typical resolutions 800x x x x to 3 ratio Movies are 16:9 Refresh rate Interlacing Graphics Card 15” 12” 19”
Graphics Cards Hardware that connects monitors to your PC Have processors, memory, clocks Almost sub-computers Controls resolution and refresh rate Drivers Software that allows graphics cards to interface with monitors Specific to Operating Systems Linux often has worse support because fewer people use it Some card include “tuners” for television NTSC
MPEG Compression MPEG-1 video resolution of 352-by-240 at 30 frames per second (fps) quality slightly below the quality of conventional VCR videos MPEG-2 offers resolutions of 720x480 and 1280x720 at 60 fps full CD-quality audio sufficient for all the major TV standards, including NTSC, and even HDTV MPEG-2 is used by DVD-ROMs. MPEG-2 can compress a 2 hour video into a few gigabytes decompressing an MPEG-2 data stream requires only modest computing power, encoding video in MPEG-2 format requires significantly more processing power MPEG-4 graphics and video compression algorithm standard that is based on MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 and Apple QuickTime technology Wavelet-based MPEG-4 files are smaller than JPEG or QuickTime files designed to transmit video and images over a narrower bandwidth and can mix video with text, graphics and 2-D and 3-D animation layers
Digital Animation Programs used to describe desired output Maya Images are “rendered” one screen at a time 24 fps More for slow motion Takes a lot of computer time Graphics machines need A LOT of memory, processor speed, and secondary storage