1. Image Representation

2. Digital Cameras Scanned Film & Photographs Digitized TV Signals Computer Graphics Radar & Sonar Medical Imaging Devices (X-Ray, CT) The Internet Digital Image Sources

3. Pixel = “Picture Element” Image [x,y] = pixel value (number) Images - 2D array of values = pixels

4. Pixel – an element of the 2-D image array Pixel Value = brightness - black = 0 - gray = 128 - white = 255 - many shades over the 0-255 range Pixels and Pixel Values

5. Images are digitized using a two step process: 1. sampling the continuous tone image 2. quantizing pixels Digitizing Images

6. Sampling

7. pixel’s samples are averaged Quantization

8. Quantization Example

9. Image Resolution 68 x 104 136 x 208 272 x 416 less detail more detail less storage more storage

10. Digital Cameras Low-Res 640x480 (TV grade) Medium-Res 1536x1024 Hi-Res 2048x1536 Very Hi-Res 2560x1920

11. Dynamic Range 256 levels The number of quantized pixel values: 16 levels4 levels2 levels

12. Binary Images (pixel values = 0,1) Grayscale Images (pixel values = 0-255) Color Images –Each pixel has three color components For example, (red, green, blue) or RGB –Each color component is 0-255 Images - 2D array of values

13. 3 Images Overlayed Color Images Red Green Blue

14. What is a histogram? Simple numeric example Histogram 132121 3131 2121 4212 1 2 3 4 Histograms: What’s in the image?

15. Histogram for each color Color Image Histograms

16. RGB Additive Color Model RED bright values => high amounts of that color dark values => low amounts of that color GREENBLUE

17. BLACK CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW CMYK Subtractive Color Model Bright => use less of that ink color Dark => use lots of that ink color

18. HSB: how artists perceive color properties HSB Visual Color Model

19. HSB: how artists perceive color properties HSB Visual Color Model Select Hue 0oHue 360 o

20. HSB: how artists perceive color properties HSB Visual Color Model Saturation Select Hue 0oHue 360 o - then click in box for saturation, brightness

21. HSB: how artists perceive color properties HSB Visual Color Model Brightness Saturation Select Hue 0oHue 360 o - then click in box for saturation, brightness

22. Storing Digital Images Digital images are converted to files for storage and transfer The file type is a special format for ordering and storing the bytes that make up the image File types or formats are not necessarily compatible You must often match the file type with the application

23. Storing Digital Images GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) –indexed color (up to 256 colors) –compressed –used in Web applications JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) –lossy compression with variable controls –also used in Web applications

24. Storing Digital Images PNG (Portable Network Graphics) –designed for online viewing (e.g., Web) –patent-free replacement for GIF –lossless compression BMP –MS Windows image format

25. How Many Bytes to Store an Image? Suppose we a have an image that is 500x500 pixels in size That’s a total of 250,000 pixels Binary image (1 bit/pixel) = 31,250 bytes Grayscale image (8 bits/pixel) = 250,000 bytes Color image (24 bits/pixel) = 750,000 bytes

26. Indexed Color “Indexed Color” can be used to reduce the size of a color image file 010121010 0 1 2 255 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0000 = 27 bytes = 18 bytes

27. Indexed Color Images are derived from full color images are smaller or more compact in storage are composed of pixels selected from a limited palette of colors or shades